Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Sensors are devices that convert physical properties into electrical signals. For example, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, presence detection sensor, etc. These sensors acquire information from the real world. Air quality sensors detect various air pollutants, gases and suspended particles and provide information about air quality in terms of health and environmental standards. They are used in a variety of applications from indoor air quality monitoring in homes and offices to outdoor air quality monitoring for environmental and public health purposes. Smart sensors generate and receive data and information that goes beyond traditional switching signals or measured parameters. They take input from the physical environment and, after identifying the input using internal computing resources, process the data before sending it. These devices are used for monitoring and control mechanisms in various environments, including smart networks, environmental detection, discoveries and scientific applications. Smart sensor is a vital and integral element in the Internet of Things. All these were once done as manual processes, but with the presence of smart sensors, these processes are done automatically. Smart sensors also play a key role in the development of modern security systems. Thermal imaging sensors detect the body heat of an intruder. Similarly, devices such as smart locks, motion sensors, and window and door sensors are usually connected to a common network. This allows security sensors to work together to create a comprehensive picture of the current security situation. They are also often used in homes and industrial applications to detect various leaks.

Abstract In recent years, the applications of nanoparticles separately and independently of nanotechnology have made significant progress, for example, the production of nanoparticle photo catalysts has significantly increased the catalytic efficiency of certain materials, and the variety of their applications has been developed. The spread of pollutants in surface water and groundwater has become an important issue worldwide due to population growth and the rapid development of industrialization. Therefore, it is necessary to control the harmful effects of pollutants and improve environmental conditions. Recently, the use of nanoparticles to remove environmental pollution and remove organic pollutants has caused photo catalysts and their potential applications to be widely considered. Photo catalysts are materials that receive energy from a specific wavelength of light and cause a reaction to occur. The catalytic principle of visible light is based on the visible light irradiation light catalyst, the capacity band of the catalyst is from the electron transfer of the ground state of light to the conduction band, the generation of holes born from light and photo electronics, the holes of light with water molecules to produce hydroxyl free radicals, electrons and molecule reactions Oxygen produces superoxide anion and holes, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion production. Reactive oxygen species can break down odor molecules, organic matter, bacteria, and other pollutants into water, carbon dioxide, and other small molecules. A small amount of N, S and P in organic matter produces nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, etc. after decomposition, to play the effect of detoxification, deodorization and sterilization. Visible light photocatalytic coating technology offers a new green solution for indoor and outdoor air purification.

Abstract Anywhere in the body may undergo extensive changes and be at risk of developing a tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging can be performed on the liver, bile, pancreas, spleen, uterus, ovary, and prostate and can reveal many problems in the body.Because radio waves are used in magnetic resonance imaging, the side effects of MRI are usually not significant. However, sometimes contrast dye can cause side effects such as skin rashes, headaches, and dizziness.For the following groups, this type of imaging is not prescribed and is dangerous:Normal imaging in pregnant women (in the first trimester) and the use of contrast material during pregnancy is prohibited; People who have had an allergic reaction to contrast material in the past; People who have any kind of metal in their body. In order to be able to examine how MRI is performed, we simultaneously examine care in three time periods, before, during, and after MRI: If you have a question about what to eat before MRI, pay attention to the fact that you should be completely fasting for about 4 hours before the imaging (the meaning of ''Unknown'' is that you should even refrain from drinking water, smoking, and chewing Avoid chewing gum too). In some cases, you may be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 hours before the scan. Sometimes you may be asked to drink a lot of water before the scan, depending on the opinion of the doctor and imaging technician. You will usually be asked to stop taking medications in consultation with your doctor.

Abstract Introduction: Breast density is a critical factor in mammography, influencing both cancer risk and detection accuracy. This study aims to determine the prevalence of various breast composition types in screening mammography and examine associations with parity and breastfeeding history among patients at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 350 women who underwent screening mammography. Breast composition was categorized into four types (A, B, C, D), and data on parity and breastfeeding were collected. Statistical analyses evaluated the associations between breast density types and reproductive factors, using a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

Results: The most frequent breast density types were Type B (44%) and Type C (43.4%), followed by Types A (4.6%) and D (8%). Higher density (Type C) was more common in nulliparous women (50%), but the association was not statistically significant (p = 0.061). Breast density was significantly higher among women who had not breastfed, with a p-value of 0.028.

Conclusion: This study suggests a significant association between breastfeeding history and lower breast density, highlighting breastfeeding’s potential impact on breast tissue composition and possibly reducing cancer risk. Although parity did not show a statistically significant relationship with breast density, reproductive history should be considered in mammographic screening and risk assessment.

Abstract The global economic landscape is constantly changing and has cast a shadow over the global economy. Just this year (2024), presidential elections, military conflicts, and escalation of tensions have made understanding geopolitical risks especially important for forex traders. Supply chain dynamics refers to various factors and interactions that affect the supply of goods, services, information and financial affairs in a supply chain network. Factors that can affect supply chain dynamics include: changes in consumer demand, market trends, developments technological, regulatory requirements, economic conditions, geopolitical events and disruptions such as natural disasters or pandemics, understanding supply chain dynamics for organizations to effectively manage supply chains, optimize operations, reduce Risks and adaptation to changing market conditions are very important. Both of these conflicts could potentially disrupt the global supply of oil and gas in 2024, and hence geopolitical and supply chain issues are the hot topics of 2024 in the energy field. According to Global Data, a leading data and analytics company, it is important for the oil and gas industry to assess the impact of these issues as they chart their growth plans. Global Data’s thematic report, entitled Top 20 oil and gas issues in 2024, includes challenges that can have a significant impact on oil and gas production and supply operations in 2024. Concerns related to the security of energy supply are expected to be the main challenge for the oil and gas business in 2024.

Abstract Background: Granulomatous-mastitis(GM) is a rare, benign, and inflammatory breast disease that often mimics other breast conditions. It is primarily diagnosed through clinical evaluation and imaging modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study aims to assess the clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of GM using Gray Scale B Mode ultrasound, Color Doppler ultrasound, Shear Wave Elastography(SWE).

Methods:A total of 40 patients with histologically confirmed GM were enrolled in this study. Clinical data were collected regarding demographic details, symptoms, and signs. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed using Gray Scale B Mode, Color Doppler, and SWE. The Gray Scale B Mode ultrasound assessed lesion morphology, echo patterns, and posterior acoustic features. Color Doppler ultrasound provided information about vascular patterns, while SWE evaluated tissue stiffness and elasticity.

Results:The mean age of the patients was 36.5 ± 5.0 years. The most common clinical presentation was a palpable mass (72.5%), followed by pain (55%) and tenderness (10%). Ultrasonographic findings showed irregular masses in 87.5% of patients, with a mixed echo pattern being the most frequent (82.5%). Color Doppler ultrasound revealed visible vascularity in 95% of the lesions, with peripheral vascularity being predominant (87.5%). SWE measurements indicated moderate stiffness in GM lesions, with a mean stiffness of 17.74 ± 4.13 kPa. A significant positive correlation was found between Doppler ultrasound peak systolic velocity (PSV) and SWE values (Emax, Emin, and Emean), suggesting that highly vascularized areas of GM lesions may exhibit increased stiffness due to fibrosis.

Conclusion: This study highlights the utility of advanced imaging techniques, including Gray Scale B Mode ultrasound, Color Doppler ultrasound, and Shear Wave Elastography, in the evaluation of granulomatous mastitis. The results demonstrate that GM typically presents with irregular masses, mixed echo patterns, and increased vascularity. SWE offers additional insights into the stiffness of the lesion, which may indicate fibrosis.

Abstract In many industrial applications, the presence of selectable catalysts in terms of molecular shape and size is of particular importance. The most significant feature of metal-organic structures, which has made their application important in the catalytic discussion, is the absence of dead space that cannot be accessed. Also, in such regular structures, the active sites are well separated from each other, and on the other hand, the very high surface area of these structures provide the possibility of having a high density of active sites per unit volume of the catalyst. Organometallic compounds are materials that have at least one carbon-metal bond in their structure and contain pseudo metals such as B, As, Si and real metals. Organic compounds are widely used in industry and environment. They play a role as cleaners and catalysts in industrial processes and are used in the environment because of their compatibility with it. Characterization was done in a similar way for new catalysts. The characterization tests showed that the presence of oxygen-donating ligands in the structure of manganese catalyst increases the specific surface area, dispersion of manganese particles and abundance of oxygen holes and decreases the level of crystallinity. The maximum catalytic activity was related to 12Mn-BTCarg/Al5,0.4 calcined in argon atmosphere. The activity of the optimal catalysts of each part was investigated in the activation of hydrogen peroxide to remove the drug azithromycin in aqueous solution. The catalytic elimination reaction of azithromycin followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. For V-DETA-MIL-101 catalyst, the amount of 15 mg of catalyst, 1.12 mmol of tertiobutyl hydrogen peroxide and 1 ml of carbon tetrachloride solvent at 80℃ temperature were selected as optimal conditions.

Abstract During the examination by these imaging methods, the patient can be treated in parallel, when the catheter enters the brain to rupture. Blood vessels (aneurysms) or blocked blood vessels can also be used for injections. Medicines to the treated area (e.g. spine). In addition to these classic diagnostic options, it is possible to intervene measures to eliminate pathological conditions: Widening of the narrowing of vessels, re-evaluation of vascular obstruction (thrombosis), and closure of vascular malformations (aneurysm). Whenever we find out what is happening in the brain, the patient is sent to a neurologist. Has the patient had bleeding in the brain or trauma, or is it flaccid paralysis, MS or a suspected brain tumor? A neuro radiologist uses imaging techniques to find out which disease is present. Patients are also referred to neuroradiology in cases of acute injury, for example after an accident, to find out if there is a circulatory disorder and what its nature is. Neuroradiology is still used X-ray diagnosis, but has declined in favor of modern diagnostic techniques because it cannot visualize the brain itself. However, imaging of the skull bones is very accurate. Therefore, this examination method is often used for suspicious accidental patients. Skull base fracture angiography is standard for examining cerebral hemorrhage in the form of a vascular bulge. (Aneurysm) is also based on x-rays where contrast material is used for marking. The vessels in order to produce an X-ray image on this basis computed tomography (CT) detects both the bones of the brain and what is happening inside, such as bleeding. The patient is placed through an X-ray tube. It creates cross-sectional images. CT angiography can also be used to visualize the vessels responsible for blood flow in the brain after a contrast agent is administered.

Abstract This type of MRI is used to evaluate the brain and is very accurate and practical, and is a common method for examining brain structures and functions. For the clarity of the images and more accurate diagnosis, a substance called contrast is used in MRI, the contrast substance causes more differentiation between different brain tissues. This test can be used to check brain function and diagnose brain diseases and disorders, check cerebral vessels, birth defects and any inflammation and swelling, infection, injury or brain trauma, structural problems, abnormal masses and bleeding inside the brain. In general, if you have any metal parts in your body, especially in the head area or inside the eyeball, you must inform the expert, because the MRI machine has a strong magnet, and you are also usually asked to remove any metal objects that may be on your body. Do not carry them with you if they are affected by the magnetic field. Some of these items include: pens, pocket knives and glasses, jewelry, watches, credit cards and hearing aids, pins, hairpins, metal zippers, body piercings, artificial teeth, screws and plates or platinum or metal clips. Keep the doctor informed about your health status, history of surgery, drug use, and drug sensitivity. If you have claustrophobia (fear of closed or narrow spaces), be sure to let us know before imaging because your doctor may recommend an open MRI.

Abstract Introduction: Nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs) face high levels of stress due to frequent exposure to critical and end-of-life situations. This can result in death anxiety and poor sleep quality, both of which negatively affect their well-being and job performance. This study investigates the relationship between death anxiety and sleep quality among ICU nurses in West Azerbaijan.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 ICU nurses selected through stratified random sampling from hospitals in West Azerbaijan. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analysis, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression, was performed to examine the relationship between death anxiety and sleep quality. Significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: The mean death anxiety score among nurses was 37.5 ± 8.9, with female nurses reporting significantly higher scores than male nurses (39.2 ± 8.7 vs. 33.8 ± 9.2, p < 0.001). The average PSQI score was 9.3 ± 3.4, indicating poor sleep quality in 73% of participants. A positive correlation was found between death anxiety and PSQI scores (r = 0.56, p < 0.001), and death anxiety was a significant predictor of poor sleep quality (β = 0.42, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study highlights a strong association between death anxiety and poor sleep quality among ICU nurses. Addressing these issues through training, supportive work environments, and mental health interventions is essential to enhance nurses' well-being and patient care quality.

Abstract This study investigates the chemical and mechanical properties of advanced composite materials and their potential applications in the medical field. By analyzing various composite formulations, we assess their tensile strength, elasticity, and biocompatibility, which are critical for medical applications such as implants, prosthetics, and drug delivery systems. The interplay between the chemical composition and mechanical performance is explored to determine optimal material combinations that meet the rigorous demands of biomedical applications. Our findings highlight the significant potential of these composites in enhancing patient outcomes through improved durability and functionality in medical devices. This research paves the way for future innovations in medical technology, emphasizing the importance of material science in healthcare advancements.

Abstract Today, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a vital tool and a driver of innovation in the oil, gas, and petrochemical industries. The use of AI in oil and gas exploration has transformed the capabilities of the industry and made the search for new reserves more efficient and reliable. AI can identify areas with high potential for oil and gas exploration by analyzing geological and geophysical data. These analyses can increase the accuracy and speed of exploration processes and reduce the costs associated with these processes. AI can analyze and summarize large and complex data and provide valuable information for strategic decision-making. AI and machine learning in the oil and gas industry are revolutionizing the exploration process by analyzing vast datasets, including seismic surveys, well logs, satellite imagery, and geological data. Machine learning algorithms can identify patterns and anomalies in this data, helping geologists more effectively identify potential oil reservoirs. For example, consider a scenario in which an exploration team is looking to identify offshore drilling sites. Rather than relying on traditional geological methods, the team is applying AI applications to the oil and gas industry. The AI system ingests data from multiple sources and performs complex analysis to identify areas most likely to contain oil reserves. This focused approach reduces exploration time and costs and minimizes environmental impact by drilling only in areas with high potential. AI also enhances the interpretation of seismic data, a critical aspect of oil exploration.

Abstract In this article, while reviewing the "EPC" contracts and the different stages of risk management according to the "PMBOK" standard, a general proposed model for this type of contract is presented, in which the necessity of planning and managing risk in the stages before winning the tender and after winning and signing the contract has been examined and considered. In recent years, the construction market has moved towards contracts in which the final amount and the time of completion of the work are guaranteed. Risk management knowledge, as a subset of project management knowledge, has gradually become a source of influence with such developments. The "PMBOK" standard has divided the risk management process into 6 stages: risk planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response and risk control. The proposed model in this research is that the contractor must implement stages 1 to 4 of risk management before bidding and after signing the contract, perform the 6 mentioned stages. In this model, the results of the pre-bid risk management review can be used as input to the post-contract phase. The six risk management phases operate like a cycle and are similar to a trial and error method. Initially, the work phases begin with limited parameters. As the project progresses and more details of the work are identified, the impact of risks on more activities must be considered and more risks become apparent, so risk management needs to plan, identify, analyze, respond to, and control new risks over a specific period of time. Methods were also proposed and reviewed for the risk planning and risk identification phases, so that EPC contractors can more easily review and manage risks in these types of contracts.

Abstract Introduction: Trauma patients undergoing femoral intramedullary nailing surgery often experience significant blood loss, leading to the need for effective management strategies. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, has shown promise in reducing intraoperative blood loss and stabilizing hemodynamics, making it a potential adjunct in trauma surgeries.

Methods: In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 60 trauma patients undergoing femoral intramedullary nailing were randomly assigned to either the dexmedetomidine (n = 30) or control (n = 30) group. The dexmedetomidine group received an infusion of 0.6 µg/kg for 10 minutes before induction, followed by a maintenance dose. Intraoperative blood loss, transfusion requirements, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using independent t-tests and chi-square tests, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: The dexmedetomidine group exhibited significantly lower intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.001) and more stable hemodynamic parameters, including heart rate and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The need for blood transfusions was lower in the dexmedetomidine group, although not statistically significant (p = 0.073). Recovery time was also significantly shorter in the dexmedetomidine group (p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss and stabilized hemodynamic parameters in trauma patients undergoing femoral intramedullary nailing surgery. Its potential benefits for trauma surgery include reduced transfusion needs and faster recovery times.

Abstract Background: Abdominal trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hematologic parameters, including hemoglobin, white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and C-reactive protein (CRP), have been shown to correlate with clinical outcomes in trauma patients. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between hematologic findings and clinical outcomes in patients with abdominal trauma, including complications, mortality, and length of hospital stay.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, with 120 patients diagnosed with abdominal trauma. Blood samples were collected upon admission, and various hematologic parameters were assessed. Patients were grouped according to their clinical outcomes, including mortality, complications (such as infections, organ failure, and need for surgical intervention), and length of hospital stay. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between hematologic parameters and outcomes.

Results: Lower hemoglobin levels, elevated WBC counts, prolonged PT and aPTT, and high CRP levels were significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes, including increased complications, longer hospital stays, and higher mortality rates. The mean hemoglobin was lower in the complication group (10.2 g/dL) compared to the non-complication group (12.5 g/dL). The WBC count, platelet count, and CRP levels were also significantly higher in the complication group. Elevated PT and aPTT were associated with the need for surgical interventions and prolonged hospital stays.

Conclusion: Hematologic markers, including hemoglobin, WBC count, platelet count, PT, aPTT, and CRP, play a critical role in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with abdominal trauma. These parameters can be used for early risk stratification, guiding clinical decisions and improving patient management. Early identification of abnormal hematologic values can lead to timely interventions, improving the prognosis of trauma patients.

Abstract Background: The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) has emerged as a reliable marker of systemic inflammation and has been associated with various postoperative outcomes in surgical patients. However, its relationship with acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for femoral fractures remains underexplored. Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlation between the SII and acute pain intensity in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for femoral fractures, along with its association with postoperative clinical outcomes such as length of hospital stay (LOHS), ICU admission, and platelet count.

Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted with 112 patients who underwent hip arthroplasty for femoral fractures. Preoperative blood samples were used to calculate the SII, and pain intensity was measured at various time points postoperatively using a visual analog scale (VAS). Clinical outcomes, including LOHS, ICU admissions, and platelet counts, were recorded.

Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the SII and postoperative pain intensity, with higher SII values associated with increased pain levels at 2 and 4 hours postoperatively (r = +0.745, p = 0.005). Additionally, patients with elevated SII values had significantly longer hospital stays (22 days vs. 17 days, p = 0.006), higher ICU admission rates (27.94% vs. 16.60%, p = 0.036), and elevated platelet counts. The SII was also significantly correlated with neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, highlighting its role in reflecting the inflammatory response.

Conclusion: The SII appears to be a promising predictor of postoperative pain intensity and adverse clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for femoral fractures. Elevated SII values are associated with increased pain, prolonged hospital stays, and higher rates of ICU admission. These findings suggest that the SII could serve as a useful biomarker for assessing postoperative complications and guiding clinical management in surgical patients.

Abstract This study conducts a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of pharmaceuticals utilized in intensive care units (ICUs) across hospitals. The objective is to assess the economic viability of commonly prescribed drugs in critical care settings, considering both their therapeutic efficacy and financial implications. Data were gathered from ICU patients, including drug consumption, treatment outcomes, and associated costs. The analysis involved calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for each drug, comparing it with standard treatment protocols. Results indicate a significant variance in cost-effectiveness among the drugs, with certain therapies providing optimal clinical outcomes at lower costs. The findings suggest that strategic drug selection based on cost-effectiveness could optimize resource allocation in ICUs, improving patient outcomes while minimizing expenditures. This research highlights the importance of integrating economic evaluation into clinical decision-making in critical care environments.

Abstract During treatment with chemotherapy drugs, many cancers become resistant to the therapeutic effects of the drugs used. Various mechanisms have been proposed in relation to drug resistance. One of the most important reasons for drug resistance is the high expression of ATP-dependent membrane proteins from the large family of membrane transporters (ATP Binding Cassette ABC). From this family, the membrane transporter with a molecular weight of 170 KDa named glycoprotein P plays an important role in drug resistance. Other membrane proteins from the MRP (Multidrug Resistance Associated Protein) family are also involved in drug resistance. ABC proteins are also expressed in normal cells. The mentioned proteins are responsible for the transfer of endogenous substrates. The high expression of these proteins in cancer cells is the most important obstacle to cancer treatment. The range of clinical responses is caused by the medicinal qualities of the treatment as well as the internal and acquired molecular and physical characteristics of cancer cells and external environmental factors. The latter can be caused by several factors, such as increased DNA repair capacity, altered drug metabolism, mutated or altered drug targets, reduced drug accumulation, and inactivated cell death signals. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show drug resistance. Because transporters overexpress adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette. Through specific regulatory genes, FOXM1, a transcription factor specific for cell proliferation, controls the transition between G1/S and G2/M cell cycle phases. In addition, it is an oncogene that causes the expansion and proliferation of cancer cells. Via ABCC5 (ATP binding cassette subfamily member 5) expression, FOXM1 overexpression causes paclitaxel resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Abstract Cosmetic facial filler injections have become a cornerstone in aesthetic dermatology; however, associated complications, ranging from mild erythema to severe vascular compromise, necessitate effective and timely intervention. This study proposes a treatment algorithm grounded in the biological stages of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. By aligning therapeutic strategies with these stages, clinicians can address adverse events more systematically and promote tissue recovery. Early-stage complications such as edema or erythema can often be managed with conservative measures, whereas mid- to late-stage events like granuloma formation or tissue necrosis require more invasive approaches, including hyaluronidase administration, corticosteroids, or surgical debridement. The algorithm emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualized care, considering patient history, filler type, and injection technique. Additionally, adjunctive therapies—such as hyperbaric oxygen, laser treatment, or platelet-rich plasma—may enhance healing outcomes. This framework aims to reduce long-term morbidity and provide practitioners with a clear, biologically informed decision-making pathway to manage filler-related complications effectively.

Abstract Introduction: Lumpectomy is a standard breast-conserving procedure, yet acute postoperative complications may delay recovery and adjuvant treatment. Beyond clinical risk factors, tumor biology may influence wound healing and inflammatory responses. This study aimed to evaluate the association between progesterone receptor expression and the incidence of acute postoperative complications following lumpectomy.

Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2025 on 54 women undergoing lumpectomy, with sample size estimated using the Cochran formula and participants enrolled by convenience sampling. Progesterone receptor expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on surgical specimens, and its association with acute postoperative complications was analyzed alongside demographic, clinical, pathological, and perioperative variables using appropriate statistical tests.

Results: Results summary: Among 54 patients undergoing lumpectomy, PR-negative status was associated with poorer early postoperative outcomes. Compared with PR-positive patients, PR-negative patients had higher postoperative VAS scores (4.06 ± 1.43 vs. 3.14 ± 1.21; p = 0.017), more acute complications (50.00% vs. 22.22%; p = 0.037), and more unplanned visits (33.33% vs. 11.11%; p = 0.048). PR negativity independently predicted complications after adjustment (OR = 3.84; p = 0.039).

Conclusion: PR-negative status was associated with a higher risk of acute postoperative complications after lumpectomy. Despite broadly comparable operative variables, PR-negative patients experienced greater postoperative morbidity and more unplanned visits, suggesting that receptor status may help identify patients requiring closer early postoperative monitoring.

Abstract Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a biologically aggressive malignancy in which molecular alterations may extend beyond visible tumor tissue into surgical margins. Long non-coding RNAs, particularly LNC-NORAD, may influence genomic stability, stress responses, and tumor progression. This study aimed to assess LNC-NORAD expression changes in tumor and surgical margin samples of OSCC.

Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2024. Using convenience sampling, 100 specimens comprising 50 oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues and 50 matched healthy surgical margins were collected from 50 patients. LNC-NORAD expression was quantified by real-time PCR and evaluated alongside age, sex, smoking status, tumor site and size, histological grade, invasion characteristics, TNM stage, lymph node involvement, and margin status.

Results: LNC-NORAD expression was significantly higher in OSCC tumor tissues than in matched healthy surgical margins (3.18 ± 1.07 vs. 1.24 ± 0.43; P<0.001). Increased tumoral expression was associated with smoking, larger tumor size, poorer histological differentiation, deeper invasion, perineural invasion, advanced TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis. By contrast, no significant associations were observed with sex, anatomical tumor site, or lymphovascular invasion.

Conclusion: LNC-NORAD is markedly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared with matched surgical margins and is closely associated with several indicators of tumor aggressiveness. These findings suggest that this long non-coding RNA may serve as a useful molecular marker for identifying biologically advanced and clinically high-risk oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction:

This study aimed to compare the outcomes and complications of MIE versus OE in patients with distal esophageal cancer.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective cohort study included 196 patients with distal esophageal cancer treated between 2015 and 2021 at two tertiary hospitals in Tehran. Patients were equally divided into MIE (n=98) and OE (n=98) groups. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables including surgical duration, pain intensity, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion requirements, hospital stay, and complication rates were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Appropriate statistical tests were applied with a significance level set at p<0.05.

Results:

The mean duration of surgery was significantly shorter in the MIE group compared to the OE group (280.71 ± 44.83 vs. 425.36 ± 51.69 minutes, p<0.001). MIE patients experienced significantly less intraoperative blood loss (297.14 ± 89.29 vs. 503.57 ± 122.02 mL, p<0.001), required fewer blood transfusions (2.14 ± 0.52 vs. 2.64 ± 0.90 units, p<0.001), and had a shorter hospital stay (14.14 ± 3.27 vs. 18.64 ± 4.31 days, p<0.001). Postoperative pain was also lower in the MIE group (2.86 ± 1.36 vs. 3.43 ± 2.48, p=0.048). However, the number of lymph nodes dissected was significantly higher in the OE group (18.50 ± 3.48 vs. 9.57 ± 3.79, p<0.001), and the incidence of chylothorax was greater in the MIE group (7 vs. 1 cases, p=0.030). There was no statistically significant difference in tracheal injury between the groups (p=0.054).

Conclusion:

Minimally invasive esophagectomy offers several clinical benefits over open surgery, including reduced blood loss, lower postoperative pain, shorter operative time, and decreased hospital stay. However, it is associated with a higher incidence of chylothorax and a lower lymph node yield, possibly due to the learning curve and technical nuances.

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have changed the landscape of energy storage and ushered in a new era of clean, efficient and sustainable energy solutions. From powering our smartphones and laptops to fueling the transportation and renewable energy sectors, lithium-ion batteries are essential to modern life. The main goal of the innovative technology is to solve one of the old challenges of the battery industry: The erosion of liquid electrolytes. As research and innovation continue to push the boundaries of battery technology, the future holds exciting opportunities for even more efficient, safer and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions. By harnessing the potential of lithium-ion batteries, we can pave the way to a greener and more electrified future for generations to come. Additionally, this solution can improve battery safety by reducing the risk of thermal runaway – a common concern in older lithium-ion batteries. This development is in line with phenomena such as the global determination for sustainable energy solutions as well as the increasing demand for high-performance batteries.

Abstract Introduction: Femoral implant surgery is frequently complicated by early inflammatory reactions that may be difficult to distinguish from normal postoperative responses. Because C-reactive protein reflects systemic inflammatory activity, preoperative measurement may help identify patients at greater risk of acute pathologic inflammation after surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of preoperative CRP in predicting acute inflammation following femoral implant placement.

Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was estimated at 73 patients, who were enrolled through convenience sampling. Data were extracted from medical records on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, preoperative CRP and other laboratory findings, operative details, and early postoperative inflammatory outcomes to assess the diagnostic value of preoperative CRP.

Results: Among 73 patients, acute postoperative inflammation occurred in 21.9%. Affected patients had higher preoperative CRP (24.18 vs 12.32 mg/L, P < 0.001), ESR (34.50 vs 25.98 mm/h, P = 0.009), and WBC (9.96 vs 8.40 x10³/muL, P = 0.015), but lower hemoglobin (11.28 vs 12.34 g/dL, P = 0.021) and albumin (3.29 vs 3.70 g/dL, P = 0.003). CRP showed good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.812, sensitivity 78.9%, specificity 73.6%, NPV 95.1%).

Conclusion: Preoperative CRP appears to be a clinically useful marker for identifying patients at risk of acute inflammation after femoral implant placement. Its strong discriminatory capacity and high negative predictive value suggest particular value in perioperative risk stratification, especially when interpreted alongside comorbidity burden, nutritional status, and operative complexity.

Abstract Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), has emerged as a significant public health challenge, affecting millions of individuals globally. It is characterized by persistent or new symptoms lasting weeks to months beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, including fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and musculoskeletal pain. The underlying pathophysiology is multifactorial and remains under investigation. Current evidence suggests that persistent viral reservoirs in tissues, chronic immune activation, autoimmunity, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular injury, and mitochondrial impairment play major roles. Neurological and autonomic disturbances, along with psychosocial and epigenetic influences, further contribute to the complexity of the syndrome. Management strategies are primarily supportive and multidisciplinary, focusing on symptom relief, rehabilitation, and psychosocial care. Approaches include pulmonary and cardiovascular rehabilitation, pacing and energy conservation for fatigue, pharmacological interventions for dysautonomia, and cognitive therapy for neurocognitive symptoms. Emerging treatments such as immunomodulators, antiviral agents, anticoagulants, and mitochondrial support therapies are under investigation. Despite progress, challenges remain in defining diagnostic criteria, identifying biomarkers, and tailoring personalized interventions. Long COVID represents not only a biomedical issue but also a socioeconomic burden, requiring coordinated healthcare strategies and global research efforts. Understanding its mechanisms and developing effective management approaches are essential to mitigate its long-term impact on individuals and healthcare systems.