Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that causes the brain to shrink and eventually die brain cells. The present study systematically reviewed neurological problems and stress in Alzheimer's patients with drug tips.

Materials and methods: An extensive search strategy was developed for literatures by 50 article. To obtain scientific evidence related to the prevalence of old age sufferings in the elderly in Iran from articles published in interior and foreign databases such as Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Web of Science, Psyc INFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine were used. All articles, regardless of the time period, were searched in the databases until September 2024. PRISMA 2020 checklist was used in order to screen articles, extract data and brief related findings.

Results: The most common symptoms of Alzheimer's are forgetting recent events or conversations and difficulty remembering newly learned information. Over time, memory problems become more severe and the person eventually loses the ability to perform daily tasks. After a while, patients usually have difficulty finding the right words to express their thoughts and will need more time to complete routine daily tasks. Some brain imaging tests can detect protein deposits called amyloid in the brain, allowing treatment before the onset of major symptoms.

Conclusion: Dementia also affects other body systems, such as breathing. For example, as the gray matter of the brain deteriorates and the person loses the ability to perform certain voluntary actions, such as moving the diaphragm, the patient becomes susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia, which shortens their lifespan. Therefore, it is not possible to make a definitive judgment about the lifespan of a person with Alzheimer's.

Abstract Background: Hallux valgus is a common foot deformity that often leads to pain, functional impairment, and reduced quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate the range of motion (ROM), pain intensity, and patient satisfaction in the first six months following hallux valgus surgery.

Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed and other relevant databases was performed to identify studies published on hallux valgus surgery outcomes. Studies were included if they assessed postoperative pain intensity, ROM, and patient satisfaction within six months. Data were extracted, and the outcomes were synthesized.

Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, involving various surgical techniques, including osteotomies and joint fusions. Pain intensity decreased significantly in all studies, with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores improving from 7.5-8.5 preoperatively to 1.2-3.0 postoperatively. ROM showed substantial improvements, with increases of 20°-35° by the six-month follow-up. Patient satisfaction was high across studies, with most reporting scores above 80 out of 100 on the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale.

Conclusion: Hallux valgus surgery significantly improves pain, ROM, and patient satisfaction within the first six months. These findings support the effectiveness of surgical interventions for hallux valgus in enhancing both functional outcomes and quality of life. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are necessary to confirm the sustainability of these improvements.

Abstract This study reviews management accounting systems (MAS) in hospitals and investigates their impact on optimizing pharmaceutical costs. Given the increasing pressure on healthcare institutions to control rising costs while maintaining high standards of care, understanding the role of MAS in managing drug-related expenses is crucial. The research examines how various accounting systems, including activity-based costing (ABC) and standard costing, are implemented in hospitals to track and allocate pharmaceutical expenditures efficiently. The analysis highlights the influence of these systems on decision-making processes related to drug procurement, inventory management, and the prescription practices of medical staff. Furthermore, the study explores how the optimization of pharmaceutical costs through effective MAS contributes to overall hospital financial sustainability and better resource utilization. The findings suggest that hospitals with robust management accounting systems are more likely to optimize drug-related costs, ultimately enhancing both economic and clinical outcomes.

Key terms: Management accounting systems, Pharmaceutical costs, Activity-based costing, Healthcare finance.

Abstract Pharmaceutical procurement and budgeting are critical aspects of financial management in hospitals, directly influencing their ability to provide quality care while controlling costs. Rising drug prices, regulatory challenges, supply chain disruptions, and inefficient procurement practices present significant hurdles for hospital administrators. Efficient management of pharmaceutical expenditures is vital not only for the financial sustainability of healthcare institutions but also for ensuring that essential medications are available to patients in a timely and cost-effective manner. This paper examines the challenges faced by hospitals in pharmaceutical procurement and budgeting, with a focus on rising drug costs, regulatory compliance, and supply chain vulnerabilities. It also discusses strategies that can be employed to optimize pharmaceutical purchasing, such as centralized procurement systems, bulk purchasing agreements, technology integration, evidence-based decision-making, and the promotion of generics and biosimilars. By adopting these strategies, hospitals can better manage their pharmaceutical budgets, ensure access to necessary medications, and maintain financial stability. This study provides insights into how hospitals can balance cost-control measures with high-quality care, ultimately leading to more efficient and sustainable healthcare systems.

Abstract Facial filler injections are widely used in aesthetic dermatology and plastic surgery for rejuvenation and volume restoration. Despite their popularity and generally favorable safety profile, rare but severe complications, including cerebral embolism, have emerged in the literature. This review aims to explore the existing evidence surrounding cerebral embolism resulting from facial filler injections, with a focus on incidence, anatomical risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, management strategies, and outcomes. An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published from 2015 to 2024. A total of 37 cases were identified, with the glabella, nasal dorsum, and forehead being the most common sites associated with complications. The pathogenesis involves retrograde arterial embolization with filler materials entering cerebral circulation via branches of the ophthalmic artery. Common clinical signs include sudden vision loss, headache, hemiplegia, aphasia, and altered consciousness. Prompt recognition and early management are crucial but often fail to reverse neurological deficits. Preventive strategies, such as anatomical knowledge, appropriate injection technique, and use of blunt cannulas, are essential. This review highlights the need for greater awareness among practitioners and recommends standardized emergency protocols to reduce the burden of these rare but catastrophic events.

Abstract Oil pollution is one of the most persistent environmental threats affecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems worldwide. Bioremediation, an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach, utilizes microorganisms to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons into non-toxic end products. This review highlights the microbial diversity involved in oil degradation, including key bacterial and fungal genera such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus, Aspergillus, and Candida. It further discusses the enzymatic mechanisms underlying hydrocarbon degradation, both aerobic and anaerobic, and the environmental factors influencing microbial activity, such as temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and oxygen levels. Special attention is given to the role of biosurfactants in increasing hydrocarbon bioavailability and the advancement of modern technologies such as microbial electrochemical systems and genetic engineering for enhanced degradation. This paper also presents successful case studies of microbial oil bioremediation and compares it to other remediation strategies, emphasizing the potential and challenges of microbial approaches in large-scale applications. The comprehensive understanding provided here aims to guide future research and industrial applications for sustainable environmental restoration.

Abstract Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying inflammation. This condition affects millions worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Traditional therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and bronchodilators, have long been the cornerstone of asthma management. These medications primarily aim to reduce inflammation and relax airway muscles, providing symptomatic relief and preventing exacerbations. However, a subset of patients with severe asthma remains inadequately controlled despite optimal conventional therapy. This unmet need has spurred the development of novel pharmacological agents targeting specific pathways involved in asthma pathophysiology. These novel drugs include biologics, small molecules, and new inhaled formulations. Biologics, such as anti-IL-5, anti-IL-4/IL-13, and anti-IgE therapies, offer targeted treatment options for patients with severe asthma by modulating specific immune responses. Small molecule drugs, like PDE4 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, provide new mechanisms to control inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Additionally, advancements in inhaler technology and formulation have led to the development of new inhaled therapies, improving drug delivery and efficacy. This review discusses these novel drugs, highlighting their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles, offering hope for better asthma management and improved patient outcomes.

Abstract The field of AI ethics has become a global enterprise with a wide range of actors. However, AI ethics is not new. With new uses of AI, AI ethics has flourished beyond academia. For example, in 2021, UNESCO appointed 24 experts from around the world and launched a global online consultation on AI ethics to facilitate dialogue and exchange of views with all member states. One of the major problems that AI ethics and ethicists may face is the ambiguity of what is actually happening in AI, given that understanding what is good about an activity is itself very useful in determining its ethical issues. Despite the lack of transparency of AI in its current form, the important point is what kind of ethical issues can arise due to the use and development of this technology, which is a matter of debate and investigation. Another concern is transparency and explain ability. Many AI systems act like black boxes. The decision-making process is not transparent. This undermines trust among healthcare providers and patients and their companions. It is unacceptable in the medical field that even the designers of AI systems do not know exactly how AI reached a particular result due to the complexity of algorithms such as artificial neural networks. Because we are dealing with human lives here. The challenge of human decision-making is also raised. The use of medical automation processes can reach the point where AI judgment is pitted against human judgment. Relying on AI for diagnostic or treatment decisions raises questions about the role of humans. Although the use of processing power and big data reduces the error rate of AI results, who will be responsible if AI makes a mistake?

Abstract Precision medicine is a model of medicine that personalizes healthcare by providing medical decisions, practices, or pharmaceutical products that are specific to each patient. In this model, diagnostic tests are often used to find the optimal treatment based on an individual’s genetic makeup. Tools used in precision medicine include molecular diagnostics and imaging. In this new study, researchers at Rutgers University applied personalized precision medicine to cancer treatment. Their analysis included the entire process of capturing PPM data, creating PPM products, and the social and economic consequences of using PPM. In the study, which was the result of work by several researchers at the university, the researchers report that PPM has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. Conventional approaches involve diagnosing a tumor and then using general treatment approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In contrast, in PPM, researchers use targeted treatment approaches that are more effective and have fewer unwanted side effects. These treatments are identified by analyzing specific tissues, gene mutations, and personal factors related to each unique case of cancer. Examples of these emerging treatments include immunotherapy, cancer vaccines, and ... In addition, these researchers have raised social issues related to precision and personalized medicine in health care and wellness. According to the researchers, before precision and personalized medicine becomes a part of standard cancer care, some challenges must be solved. These challenges include legal challenges, economic concerns, and the feasibility of using precision and personalized medicine, which is accompanied by economic, social, and individual problems. Today, precision and personalized medicine is becoming an effective and satisfactory approach, and before this therapeutic approach can be introduced into the fight against cancer, the aforementioned challenges must be overcome.

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming various sectors, and medical education is no exception. This review explores the multifaceted applications of AI in medical education, including its potential benefits, associated risks, and necessary ethical considerations. It synthesizes current research to provide insights into how AI tools, such as personalized learning platforms and AI-driven content generation, can enhance educational outcomes. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges of AI implementation, such as maintaining academic integrity and ensuring data accuracy, and proposes strategies for responsible integration. By examining these aspects, this article aims to guide educators and institutions in effectively leveraging AI to prepare future healthcare professionals for the digital age.

Abstract Facial filler injections have become one of the most common aesthetic procedures globally. Despite their popularity, complications can arise, often due to inadequate pre-procedural dermatological assessment. This systematic review aims to synthesize available literature on dermatological evaluations in individuals seeking facial filler treatments, with an emphasis on practical clinical strategies. The review reveals a significant variation in evaluation protocols, with limited standardized guidelines. Key dermatological factors including skin type, hydration, photodamage, inflammatory conditions, and vascular mapping are often under-evaluated. Recommendations are proposed for a comprehensive yet practical pre-treatment skin assessment protocol to optimize outcomes and reduce complications. Dermal fillers, particularly those based on hyaluronic acid (HA), are widely used in aesthetic dermatology for facial volume restoration, contour enhancement, and wrinkle reduction. Despite their minimally invasive nature, filler injections are not risk-free.

Abstract Background: Cosmetic facial filler injections have become increasingly popular for facial rejuvenation. However, vascular complications, although rare, can lead to devastating outcomes including cerebral infarctions and permanent vision loss.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, clinical presentation, imaging findings, treatment, and outcomes of patients experiencing cerebral and ocular vascular events following facial filler injections.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on cases referred to tertiary hospitals between 2016 and 2023 with documented cerebral or ocular vascular complications after dermal filler injections. Data regarding filler type, injection sites, time of symptom onset, neurological/ophthalmic evaluations, imaging results, treatments, and patient outcomes were collected.

Results: Among 24 identified patients (mean age 36.2 ± 9.8 years, 22 females), 18 (75%) suffered ophthalmic artery occlusion (OAO), 9 (37.5%) had ischemic cerebral infarctions, and 5 had combined manifestations. Most complications followed glabellar or nasal root injections using hyaluronic acid-based fillers. Permanent blindness occurred in 15 patients; neurological sequelae persisted in 7. Early intervention with hyaluronidase, corticosteroids, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy showed partial benefits.

Conclusion: Facial filler injections carry a small but catastrophic risk of cerebrovascular and ocular vascular occlusion. Increased awareness, anatomical knowledge, and adherence to safety protocols are essential to minimize risks.

Abstract Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a major intensive care unit complication, contributing to prolonged mechanical ventilation, antimicrobial overuse, multidrug resistance, and increased mortality. Despite advances in prevention and conventional antibiotics, treatment failure remains frequent. This study aims to review and highlight novel therapeutic strategies for improving clinical outcomes in patients with VAP.
Material and methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran were systematically searched using keywords including “ventilator-associated pneumonia,” “VAP,” “novel therapeutic strategies,” “bacteriophage therapy,” “immunotherapy,” “monoclonal antibodies,” “inhaled antibiotics,” and “multidrug-resistant pathogens,” combined with Boolean operators to identify eligible studies on emerging VAP treatments.
Results: Synthesis of six eligible studies (n = 6; RCTs: 33.3%, cohort designs: 33.3%) demonstrated that novel VAP strategies enhanced microbiological clearance and clinical cure against MDR/XDR pathogens. Rapid molecular diagnostics reduced time to targeted therapy, whereas resistance-guided regimens improved treatment adequacy. Overall methodology exhibited low risk of bias across key Cochrane domains (>80% domain adequacy), validating the clinical reliability of these precision-guided and adjunctive therapeutic modalities.
Conclusion: Novel therapeutic strategies, including inhaled antibiotics, bacteriophages, monoclonal antibodies, and rapid diagnostic-guided regimens, offer effective alternatives for managing multidrug-resistant VAP. Integrating these precision-driven and adjunctive modalities optimizes targeted pathogen clearance, mitigates systemic toxicity, and improves clinical management in intensive care settings. Future large-scale clinical trials remain essential to standardize protocols and validate long-term clinical efficacy.

Abstract Introduction: ACVRL1 (ALK1) mutations are critical drivers of pulmonary hypertension, significantly influencing endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling. Despite its clinical importance, the precise prognostic impact of ALK1 on disease progression remains insufficiently characterized across diverse populations. This systematic review aims to evaluate the prognostic role of ACVRL1/ALK1 in the development and outcomes of pulmonary hypertension.
Material and methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the prognostic role of ACVRL1/ALK1 in pulmonary hypertension. Eligible human studies were systematically identified from international and national databases, screened against predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and assessed for methodological quality. Data on study characteristics, sample size, mutation status, hemodynamic parameters, disease progression, survival, and clinical outcomes were extracted using a standardized approach.
Results: Synthesis of 11 studies (n=11; cohort, case-control, and genetic designs) confirms that ACVRL1/ALK1 mutations independently correlate with earlier disease onset and accelerated clinical decline. Carriers exhibited significantly worse hemodynamic profiles (e.g., higher pulmonary arterial pressures) and increased right ventricular strain compared to non-carriers. Qualitative synthesis indicates higher risk stratification scores and diminished survival rates, underscoring ACVRL1 as a pivotal genetic determinant of aggressive pulmonary hypertension phenotypes and poor clinical outcomes.
Conclusion: ACVRL1/ALK1 mutations serve as a critical prognostic biomarker in pulmonary hypertension, identifying a high-risk cohort characterized by early-onset disease and rapid hemodynamic deterioration. Incorporating ACVRL1 genotyping into clinical risk stratification is essential for optimizing surveillance and initiating aggressive, personalized therapeutic interventions. Future prospective multicenter trials are necessary to refine genotype-specific survival estimates and standardize long-term management protocols for this vulnerable patient population.