Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), has emerged as a significant public health challenge, affecting millions of individuals globally. It is characterized by persistent or new symptoms lasting weeks to months beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, including fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and musculoskeletal pain. The underlying pathophysiology is multifactorial and remains under investigation. Current evidence suggests that persistent viral reservoirs in tissues, chronic immune activation, autoimmunity, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular injury, and mitochondrial impairment play major roles. Neurological and autonomic disturbances, along with psychosocial and epigenetic influences, further contribute to the complexity of the syndrome. Management strategies are primarily supportive and multidisciplinary, focusing on symptom relief, rehabilitation, and psychosocial care. Approaches include pulmonary and cardiovascular rehabilitation, pacing and energy conservation for fatigue, pharmacological interventions for dysautonomia, and cognitive therapy for neurocognitive symptoms. Emerging treatments such as immunomodulators, antiviral agents, anticoagulants, and mitochondrial support therapies are under investigation. Despite progress, challenges remain in defining diagnostic criteria, identifying biomarkers, and tailoring personalized interventions. Long COVID represents not only a biomedical issue but also a socioeconomic burden, requiring coordinated healthcare strategies and global research efforts. Understanding its mechanisms and developing effective management approaches are essential to mitigate its long-term impact on individuals and healthcare systems.

Abstract Genetic technologies in personalized medicine have revolutionized the management of anticoagulant therapy. Despite their vital role in preventing blood clots, these drugs pose numerous challenges in dose adjustment and side effect management due to the varying responses of patients. Genetic analysis has enabled the provision of personalized, safer, and more effective therapy by identifying genetic differences in related genes such as CYP2C9 and VKORC1. By precisely adjusting the dose, reducing side effects, accelerating the treatment process, and reducing costs, this technology not only improves the quality of life of patients but also paves the way for new standards in healthcare. However, challenges such as high costs, limited access, and privacy issues require attention and resolution. In this approach, the genome of the individual in question is compared with reference genomes, and based on the information obtained, the individual can be treated in an appropriate and specific way. In fact, the genetic nature of the individual determines the treatment strategy. One aspect of personalized medicine is the use of pharmacogenomics. In this method, a more appropriate and informed drug is provided by using and knowing the sequence of an individual's genome. In conventional medicine, drugs are often prescribed with the idea that the effect of the drug is the same for everyone, but in fact this is not the case and each person responds differently to the drug depending on the nature of their genome sequence. Therefore, various factors must be taken into account. For example, depending on these sequences, side effects, the required amount of drug, the likelihood of successful treatment, and the prognosis of the disease will all be unique to each individual.