Chemistry
Elahe Dolati; Jalal Nourmohammadi; Hediyeh Mesbahi
Abstract
Introduction: Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for all types of cancer. But like other treatments, it often causes side effects. Using strong chemical drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells can also affect healthy cells and cause problems for the patient. Some side effects are short-lived ...
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Introduction: Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for all types of cancer. But like other treatments, it often causes side effects. Using strong chemical drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells can also affect healthy cells and cause problems for the patient. Some side effects are short-lived and others may have long-term effects. The side effects of chemotherapy can be different for each person and it depends on the type of cancer, its location, drugs and their dosage, and the general health status of the patient. Methods: In total, 35 articles with a time limit of the last 5 years were obtained by deleting 9 articles whose full text Not available; finally, 26 articles were included in the study. Results: The side effects that chemotherapy drugs may cause in the body depend on the drug composition and the severity of the body's reaction to the drug. The side effects of chemotherapy drugs are temporary and transient, and the patient does not suffer from all side effects. Therefore, mentioning the complications is only for the purpose of knowing them better and knowing the appropriate solution to deal with it. Conclusion: Many side effects of chemotherapy can be minimized by timely diagnosis, correct adjustment of drug dosage and preventive measures. It is also necessary to improve the level of awareness of the patient and his family regarding the complications caused by the need for chemotherapy in order to help manage the complications.
Chemistry
Rozita Kaviani
Abstract
The present research specializes in the second law analysis to characterize the balances of properties and efficiencies of processes occurring in nuclear reactions. The conceptual schema is underpinned by the paradigm of microscopic few-particle systems and the inter-particle kinetic energy and binding ...
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The present research specializes in the second law analysis to characterize the balances of properties and efficiencies of processes occurring in nuclear reactions. The conceptual schema is underpinned by the paradigm of microscopic few-particle systems and the inter-particle kinetic energy and binding potential energy determined by interactions among atomic nuclei and subatomic particles in non-equilibrium states along with irreversible phenomena. The proposed thermodynamic entropy calculation is based on energy and exergy, both being measurable properties used to directly derive entropy variations determined by elemental fission and fusion nuclear reactions in operating industrial plants. The interest in developing second law analysis founded on exergy method applied to fission and fusion nuclear reactions can be found in: i) the observation of physical phenomena and nuclear processes through a thermodynamic standpoint; ii) the need of adopting a more extended approach to nuclear reactors design in the perspective of the optimization and confrontation of different types of technologies and plant configurations
Chemistry
Amin Ahmadpour
Abstract
Heat exchangers are used as the most important equipment to transfer the energy of materials to each other, to increase or decrease the energy level of material flows. The purpose of this research is to optimize and estimate costs for re-boiler, one of the leading units of National Petrochemical Industries ...
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Heat exchangers are used as the most important equipment to transfer the energy of materials to each other, to increase or decrease the energy level of material flows. The purpose of this research is to optimize and estimate costs for re-boiler, one of the leading units of National Petrochemical Industries Company. This heat exchanger is in the form of a plate, which is used as a re-boiler for tower 511. In this research, ASPEN PLUS and ASPEN EXCHANGER DESIGN & RATING software were used to design and estimate costs. This design is based on the conditions required to set up tower 511 of methanol to propylene conversion unit. Based on the designs, the required area for the converter was 2.6 square meters, which compared to the previous converter, we had an increase of about 8% in the area for heat exchange.
Chemistry
Lida Saboktakin
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of digital education to the enhancement of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and satisfaction of medical students learning communication skills in comparison to various controls. Material and Methods: In order to find randomized controlled ...
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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of digital education to the enhancement of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and satisfaction of medical students learning communication skills in comparison to various controls. Material and Methods: In order to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs (cRCTs) published between January 1990 and September 2018, we conducted a systematic review and searched seven electronic databases and two trial registries. Two reviewers independently examined the citations, gathered information from the studies that were included, and determined the bias risk. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations assessment (GRADE) was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence as well. Results: The quality of the evidence varied from moderate to very low, and the overall risk of bias was high. A meta-analysis of four studies comparing the effectiveness of blended digital education (i.e., online or offline digital education plus traditional learning) and traditional learning revealed no statistically significant difference in postintervention skills scores between the groups for the skills outcome. Conclusion: We found low-quality evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of digital education in the development of communication skills in medical students as compared to traditional learning. For knowledge and communication skills, blended digital education appears to be at least as effective as traditional learning and possibly even more so.
Chemistry
Seyedeh Shahrzad Moayeripour
Abstract
Environmental impact assessment is considered as a tool for environmental planning and management of development projects. There are several methods of environmental impact assessment. To choose the right method for each project, one should pay attention to a set of conditions and characteristics such ...
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Environmental impact assessment is considered as a tool for environmental planning and management of development projects. There are several methods of environmental impact assessment. To choose the right method for each project, one should pay attention to a set of conditions and characteristics such as method specifications, environment characteristics, and the nature of the project. The purpose of environmental impact assessment is to identify and systematically value the potential effects of projects, programs, plans, policies and laws on the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, economic and social components of the environment. The first goal of environmental impact assessment is to encourage planners and decision makers to look at and pay attention to the environment and ultimately succeed in taking actions that are compatible with the environment. Environmental impact assessment is actually a process that includes detection, prediction, assessment and mitigation of biophysical, social and other similar effects from developments proposed by decision makers and commissions. This process is designed to ensure that the impacts of the developments are well understood and accounted for before they are implemented. This assessment causes all the effects and environmental consequences to be considered by weight or other economic and social effects during the implementation of development plans. If this stage is done well, its profit will be determined in the same planning stage.