Medicine
Nura Sobhan
Abstract
The respiratory system has two parts, upper and lower, which are responsible for ventilation (air passage from inside to outside and vice versa). The upper airways include the nostrils, sinuses, tonsils and adenoids, the larynx and trachea, and the lower respiratory tract includes the lungs (bronchial ...
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The respiratory system has two parts, upper and lower, which are responsible for ventilation (air passage from inside to outside and vice versa). The upper airways include the nostrils, sinuses, tonsils and adenoids, the larynx and trachea, and the lower respiratory tract includes the lungs (bronchial branches and alveoli). On each side of the nose are three separate airways called tentacles. These tentacles heat and humidity and filter the incoming air. Mucus secretions are constantly flowing in the nasal cavities, causing it to become moist. These secretions are secreted from goblet cells of the nose and are constantly flowing to the throat by ciliated bodies. The olfactory neurotransmitters are located in the nasal membrane. The sinuses around the nose are four pairs of bony cavities made up of epithelial tissue and mucus-secreting glands that drain their mucus secretions into the nasal cavity. These sinuses are: frontal sinuses (forehead), ethmoidal sinuses (perineum of the eye), sphenoidal sinuses (butterfly), maxillary sinuses (cheek). The throat is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx (nasopharynx), the oropharynx (rural throat) and the laryngopharynx (larynx). The larynx is made up of 9 cartilages: 3 large epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid and 3 small paired cartilages. The most important function of the larynx is to produce sound, and its other role is to pass air through the upper to lower system. It also prevents foreign objects from entering the bottom by creating a cough reflex. Thyroid cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage. Arytenoid cartilage, along with thyroid cartilage, is involved in moving the vocal cords. The trachea has a C-shaped or semi-annular cartilage tissue, and the posterior part, which is adjacent to the esophagus, has muscle tissue.
Medicine
Ali Sharifi; Zhale Bakhtiari
Abstract
Introduction: A comprehensive understanding of these complications, their risk factors, and appropriate management strategies is essential for surgeons and healthcare providers involved in the care of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Continued research, advancements in surgical techniques, ...
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Introduction: A comprehensive understanding of these complications, their risk factors, and appropriate management strategies is essential for surgeons and healthcare providers involved in the care of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Continued research, advancements in surgical techniques, and multidisciplinary collaboration are needed to further improve outcomes and reduce the incidence of complications following this challenging surgical procedure.Material and Methods: This article was a retrospective observational study conducted to evaluate the incidence, clinical significance, and management of complications associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy. The study aimed to analyze a cohort of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at a single institution over a specified period.Results: Several factors were found to be associated with the occurrence of complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Prolonged operative time (>6 hours) was significantly associated with an increased risk of pancreatic fistula (p=0.043) and postoperative hemorrhage (p=0.018). Intraoperative blood loss (>500 mL) was also associated with a higher incidence of postoperative hemorrhage (p=0.032). Patients with preoperative comorbidities, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, had a higher risk of developing postoperative infections (p=0.016 and p=0.023, respectively).Conclusion: Complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy remain a significant challenge despite advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative care. Pancreatic fistula, delayed gastric emptying, postoperative hemorrhage, and biliary complications are among the most common complications observed in this study.
Medicine
Amir Abbas Esmaeilzadeh; Fatemeh Nasirzadeh
Abstract
Breast cancer, which is caused by rapid and abnormal growth of cells in the breast, is a complex disease in which many factors can be involved. Some factors such as age, family history, genetics and gender are not under the control of the individual. However, a person can control other factors such as ...
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Breast cancer, which is caused by rapid and abnormal growth of cells in the breast, is a complex disease in which many factors can be involved. Some factors such as age, family history, genetics and gender are not under the control of the individual. However, a person can control other factors such as smoking, physical activity, proper weight and diet to prevent breast cancer. Some researchers believe that diet can be responsible for 30-40% of all cancers. This study raises an interesting point in research to identify breast cancer risk by focusing on estrogen- or progesterone-enhancing chemicals. However, without in vivo studies, it is premature to attempt to make a definitive connection. A multifaceted approach is necessary to fully understand the role that chemicals play in the development of breast cancer. According to Dr. Truss, this should include all data from cell studies, animal studies, and human observations. The human body is [also] very complex, and studying one piece of the puzzle individually may be very different than what happens when all the pieces are put together, said Dr. Lauren Truss. Dr. Gramley added: "Even if the findings are interesting, we can't take it and apply it to humans." Evaluating the effects of these chemicals on humans is still challenging and most of them have not been studied enough. So we expect more care to be taken in interpreting observations of chemically induced changes in breast tissue, Rudel said. A new cell culture study joins the list of research investigating the link between environmental chemicals and breast cancer. Although this is a bold and premature claim, the paper overlaps with what experts currently believe. A new study suggests that certain synthetic chemicals can increase the risk of breast cancer by stimulating hormones.
