Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Electrochemical characterization techniques have become indispensable for understanding corrosion phenomena, enabling both fundamental mechanistic insights and practical corrosion monitoring across diverse industrial applications. This comprehensive review systematically examines the principles, applications, and data interpretation strategies for key electrochemical methods used in corrosion research. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has emerged as a powerful mechanistic probe, capturing real-time redox activity and surface transformations, though historically underutilized due to the irreversible nature of corrosion reactions . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) remains the most versatile technique, providing frequency-dependent information on charge transfer resistance, double-layer capacitance, and diffusion processes, with applications ranging from reinforced concrete diagnosis to nanostructured coating evaluation . Potentiodynamic polarization enables rapid determination of corrosion current density, Tafel slopes, and pitting potentials through the Stern–Geary relationship . Electrochemical noise analysis detects spontaneous current and potential fluctuations sensitive to localized corrosion events such as metastable pit growth . Recent advances in machine learning have revolutionized data interpretation, with hybrid models achieving R² > 0.99 prediction accuracy for corrosion rate forecasting through integration of swarm intelligence optimization with deep learning architectures . Four-dimensional impedance analysis has emerged for time-varying systems, enabling instantaneous impedance determination during non-stationary corrosion processes . This review concludes that effective corrosion characterization requires integrated approaches combining complementary techniques with advanced data analytics, bridging laboratory mechanistic understanding with field-applicable monitoring solutions.

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a transformative nanomaterial for advanced corrosion protection coatings, leveraging its unique two-dimensional lamellar architecture and abundant surface functional groups to provide both passive barrier properties and active inhibition capabilities. This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifaceted role of GO in multifunctional coatings, focusing on how surface functionalization and 2D lamellar structure synergistically enhance barrier properties and active corrosion protection. The physical barrier mechanism of GO arises from its high aspect ratio and impermeable nature, creating tortuous diffusion paths for corrosive species, with a 0.03 wt% addition to geopolymer coatings achieving high impedance modulus and ultra-low corrosion current density through a triple synergistic protection system integrating physical barrier, chemical adsorption, and structural reinforcement . Surface functionalization strategies—including carboxylation (-COOH), hydroxylation (-OH), amination (-NH₂), and dopamine/nano-TiO₂ co-modification—critically influence coating performance by improving dispersion, enhancing interfacial compatibility, and introducing active inhibition functionality . Dopamine and nano-TiO₂ co-modified GO demonstrates superior corrosion resistance through synergistic effects: polydopamine enhances dispersion while TiO₂ provides passivation film effects, covering CO groups on GO surface . Carboxylated GO (CGO) composites outperform hydroxylated and aminated counterparts, with CGO-15 coating achieving two orders of magnitude higher impedance modulus than pure resin and over 90% inhibition of sulfate-reducing bacteria through ROS-mediated oxidative stress . The interlayer entanglement toughening strategy improves GO paper delamination strength by 268%, approaching benchmark natural nacres . This review concludes that integrated design combining molecular functionalization, 2D architecture optimization, and multi-component hybridization offers transformative potential for durable, high-performance protective coatings.

Abstract Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have emerged as promising technologies for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the in-situ generation of reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radicals (•OH) . However, the practical application of EAOPs faces two critical challenges: the competitive chloride oxidation reaction (COR) caused by chloride ions in real wastewater, which leads to low Faradaic efficiency and severe corrosion of anode active sites, and the limited service life of electrodes due to dissolution of catalytic layers under harsh operating conditions . This comprehensive review systematically examines nanostructured anodes designed for dual-function applications—simultaneously achieving efficient electrochemical degradation of organic pollutants while providing in-situ corrosion protection of metallic substrates. Nanostructuring approaches, including TiO₂ nanotube arrays and hydrophobic surface modification, have demonstrated remarkable performance enhancement: TiO₂-NTs/SnO₂-Sb-PTFE composite electrodes achieve high oxygen evolution potential (2.4 V vs Ag/AgCl), significantly enhanced TOC removal efficiency for phenolic pollutants, and substantial reduction in Sn ion leaching compared to conventional electrodes . Surface hydrophobicity promotes effective release of free hydroxyl radicals from the anode surface into solution, facilitating pollutant mineralization while the hydrophobic PTFE layer acts as a barrier inhibiting anodic dissolution . Anti-corrosion design principles for seawater electrolysis—including selective oxygen evolution reaction active sites, anion exclusion layers, and electronic structure redistribution—offer valuable strategies for enhancing anode stability in chloride-rich environments . Recent advances in iridium-coated titanium anodes demonstrate service lives of 2-5 years with iridium loss below 0.1 mg/cm²/year, while PANI-modified iron anodes achieve corrosion inhibition efficiency of approximately 35% after repeated electrocoagulation treatment cycles . This review concludes that dual-function anodes represent a transformative approach for sustainable wastewater treatment, combining catalytic activity with corrosion resistance.

Abstract Dissimilar metal welded joints (DMWJs) are essential components in offshore oil and gas infrastructure, yet they face critical degradation through corrosion-fatigue interaction under sour service conditions. This comprehensive review examines the multi-physics mechanisms governing crack initiation and propagation in DMWJs exposed to sour environments containing H₂S, where fatigue lives can be reduced by factors of 10× to 50× compared to air . The electrochemical and mechanical coupling arises from hydrogen embrittlement, where hydrogen generated at the crack tip diffuses into the fracture process zone (FPZ) and degrades material cohesion . Microstructural heterogeneity across the weld—including the heat-affected zone (HAZ), fusion boundary, and buttering layers—creates complex local stress-strain fields and galvanic corrosion cells that accelerate damage . Welding residual strain and ductility dip cracking have been identified as critical promoters of corrosion fatigue crack initiation in DMWJs, with cracks initiating preferentially at weld interfaces or regions of high residual strain . Advanced predictive models based on hydrogen transport kinetics to the FPZ have been developed to quantify corrosion fatigue crack growth (CFCG) rates over wide ranges of mechanical variables (ΔK, stress ratio, frequency) and environmental variables (H₂S partial pressure, pH, temperature) . The transition from short-crack to long-crack behavior in sour environments reveals that shallow flaws can grow up to an order of magnitude faster than deep flaws at equivalent ΔK, highlighting the non-conservatism of deep-crack data for shallow flaw assessment . This review concludes that effective life prediction requires integrated multi-physics frameworks coupling crack-tip electrochemistry, hydrogen diffusion, and fracture mechanics.

Abstract The development of self-healing epoxy nanocomposites with long-term corrosion protection in marine environments represents a critical challenge in materials science, requiring sophisticated integration of passive barrier properties and active inhibition mechanisms . This comprehensive review systematically examines coordination-controlled self-healing epoxy nanocomposites, focusing on the synergistic inhibition mechanisms and long-term electrochemical impedance behavior in simulated marine environments. The coordination chemistry framework provides a unifying theoretical foundation: corrosion inhibitors function as multidentate ligands, nanocontainers serve as coordination carriers, and self-healing processes operate through in-situ coordination film formation . Advanced nanofiller systems incorporating pH-responsive nanocontainers—including metal-organic frameworks (MIL-100(Fe), ZIF-8), graphene oxide-based composites, and layered double hydroxides—have demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving low-frequency impedance modulus values of 5.03 × 10⁹ Ω·cm² after 50 days of immersion . The MIL-100@BTA system demonstrates alkaline-triggered release with up to 85% inhibitor release within 9 hours at pH 10, enabling targeted corrosion suppression at damaged sites . Tri-functional coating systems integrating passive barrier enhancement (109 Ω·cm² impedance after 120 days), active ion capture, and autonomous defect repair have been achieved through cascade synergistic mechanisms . This review concludes that coordination-controlled design principles offer transformative potential for durable, intelligent protective coatings with extended service life.

Abstract Cartilage repair remains a significant clinical challenge due to the tissue’s limited self-healing capacity, avascular structure, and complex mechanical requirements. Recent advances in additive manufacturing have enabled the fabrication of patient-specific scaffolds with controlled architecture and tunable mechanical properties. Among high-performance biomaterials, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has emerged as a promising matrix material owing to its excellent chemical stability, thermal resistance, and mechanical strength. However, pristine PEEK is bioinert and hydrophobic, limiting its biological performance in cartilage regeneration. To address this limitation, fiber reinforcement and bioactive filler incorporation have been widely investigated to enhance both mechanical and biological functionality. This study provides a comparative analysis of different fiber types incorporated into 3D-printed PEEK composites for cartilage repair, considering fiber composition (carbon, glass, ceramic, natural, and polymeric), size (Nano to micro-scale), length (short, long, continuous, discontinuous), morphology, and volume fraction. The influence of fiber characteristics on mechanical performance—including tensile strength, compressive modulus, fatigue resistance, and interfacial bonding—as well as biological responses such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation, is critically evaluated. Furthermore, the interaction between fiber selection and 3D printing parameters, including build orientation, infill density, layer thickness, and extrusion temperature, discussed. Comparative findings suggest that hybrid reinforcement systems, particularly short carbon fibers combined with bioactive Nano-fillers such as Nano-hydroxyapatite or graphene oxide, offer an optimal balance between mechanical integrity and bioactivity. Continuous carbon fibers provide superior strength but limited biological enhancement, whereas Nano-scale bioactive reinforcements improve cellular responses with moderate mechanical gains. Strategic optimization of fiber type, geometry, and processing conditions is essential to achieve mechanically robust and biologically functional 3D-printed PEEK scaffolds for cartilage regeneration.

Abstract The present study examined the iodine diet in patients with hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a serious disease that occurs due to dysfunction of the thyroid gland and increased production of thyroid hormone. This disease is usually treated with ant thyroid drugs and, if necessary, surgery. However, a healthy diet can also have a positive effect on improving the health of patients and their condition. For this reason, experts usually recommend that patients with hyperthyroidism follow a diet suitable for hyperthyroidism, along with other treatment options. The amount of radioactive iodine used to control thyroid diseases can vary depending on the individual's disease, so that in some diseases the dose can be without side effects. A proper diet can take steps to eliminate substances that aggravate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and help improve the symptoms of the disease. A major problem in the diet of people with hyperthyroidism is controlling the amount of iodine intake. In some cases, doctors believe that the presence of excessive amounts of iodine can be effective in cases of hyperthyroidism, and therefore controlling the amount of iodine in the diet can help relieve the symptoms of the disease. The results showed that hyperthyroidism can cause obvious weight loss and make it difficult to gain weight. This is because the body's metabolism increases in this disease. The obvious connection between diet and hyperthyroidism is the presence of iodine in the diet. There are many reasons for the belief that iodine can increase the likelihood of developing hyperthyroidism. On the other hand, Graves' disease has an interesting connection with gluten. Diet can be useful for minimizing the damage caused by hyperthyroidism, especially brittle bones.

Abstract The development of renewable energy in Iran is of great importance due to its favorable geographical conditions and the need for sustainable energy sources, and the integration of renewable energy sources in oil and gas operations will create a sustainable future for future generations. The world is at a critical juncture where the demand for energy intersects with the urgent need to combat climate change. Traditional energy sources, dependent on fossil fuels, significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. In response, there is a paradigm shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Programming, in conjunction with technological innovations, plays a pivotal role in the use and optimization of these renewable energy solutions. The role of programming in renewable energy solutions is not just supportive but also transformative. From designing efficient systems and optimizing energy production to enabling smart grids and harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, programming is the main axis that drives the renewable energy revolution forward. As the world increasingly embraces sustainable energy sources, the challenges and opportunities for programming in this area continue to expand. By leveraging the capabilities of programming languages, frameworks, and emerging technologies, developers can help create a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. As we navigate the complexities of climate change, programming becomes an essential tool that enables us to harness the potential of renewable energy and lead the global transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy ecosystem.

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have changed the landscape of energy storage and ushered in a new era of clean, efficient and sustainable energy solutions. From powering our smartphones and laptops to fueling the transportation and renewable energy sectors, lithium-ion batteries are essential to modern life. The main goal of the innovative technology is to solve one of the old challenges of the battery industry: The erosion of liquid electrolytes. As research and innovation continue to push the boundaries of battery technology, the future holds exciting opportunities for even more efficient, safer and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions. By harnessing the potential of lithium-ion batteries, we can pave the way to a greener and more electrified future for generations to come. Additionally, this solution can improve battery safety by reducing the risk of thermal runaway – a common concern in older lithium-ion batteries. This development is in line with phenomena such as the global determination for sustainable energy solutions as well as the increasing demand for high-performance batteries.

Abstract Genetic technologies in personalized medicine have revolutionized the management of anticoagulant therapy. Despite their vital role in preventing blood clots, these drugs pose numerous challenges in dose adjustment and side effect management due to the varying responses of patients. Genetic analysis has enabled the provision of personalized, safer, and more effective therapy by identifying genetic differences in related genes such as CYP2C9 and VKORC1. By precisely adjusting the dose, reducing side effects, accelerating the treatment process, and reducing costs, this technology not only improves the quality of life of patients but also paves the way for new standards in healthcare. However, challenges such as high costs, limited access, and privacy issues require attention and resolution. In this approach, the genome of the individual in question is compared with reference genomes, and based on the information obtained, the individual can be treated in an appropriate and specific way. In fact, the genetic nature of the individual determines the treatment strategy. One aspect of personalized medicine is the use of pharmacogenomics. In this method, a more appropriate and informed drug is provided by using and knowing the sequence of an individual's genome. In conventional medicine, drugs are often prescribed with the idea that the effect of the drug is the same for everyone, but in fact this is not the case and each person responds differently to the drug depending on the nature of their genome sequence. Therefore, various factors must be taken into account. For example, depending on these sequences, side effects, the required amount of drug, the likelihood of successful treatment, and the prognosis of the disease will all be unique to each individual.

Abstract Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that, according to evidence, can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) or even more severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Epidemiology A disease, whether contagious or non-contagious, may be more or less common in some areas and under some conditions among a large number of people. In other words, a disease can be more or less common. The science that studies how diseases spread and what causes them to spread is called epidemiology, which is a branch of medical science. Basically, epidemiology seeks to prevent the occurrence and spread of a disease or to control it if it does spread. Communicable diseases are a type of infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person or to humans through insects and other animals. This disease can also be transmitted by organisms in contaminated water or food that has been exposed to the environment by an infected person. For example, a sick child's cough is one way to transmit a cold or flu to others, which must be well taken care of and prevented. In general, the factors that because infectious diseases include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The signs and symptoms of infectious diseases will also vary depending on the agent causing the infection.

Abstract One of these new concepts that was created with the increasing development of medical science and biological knowledge was “Regenerative Medicine”, which is referred to as the medicine of the future. It has been less than 20 years since the concept of regenerative medicine entered the medical field and has become one of the areas of interest of universities, research centers, and biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Regenerative medicine seeks to find new methods of preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases, so that it can move from traditional medicine that works around the diagnosis and treatment with chemical and, to some extent, biotechnological drugs, towards individual-centered medicine and even precision medicine, for which biological products and drugs will play an important role. Despite the extensive advances in medical science, a significant number of human diseases are still incurable and only the symptoms of the disease are controlled. Therefore, regenerative medicine tries to treat these diseases definitively by using the same tools that the body naturally uses to repair damaged tissues and organs. These tools include: body cells, the material that surrounds cells in their natural habitat, and molecules that affect cells. Stem cells are one type of cell used in this field and have received special attention due to their great ability to transform into other cells and repair damaged areas. Stem cells play a major role in the development of organisms from the embryonic period and these cells can be identified in body tissues both during the embryonic period and after birth and are responsible for maintaining cellular balance in the normal state as well as during the process of repairing a tissue after disease.

Abstract Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying inflammation. This condition affects millions worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Traditional therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and bronchodilators, have long been the cornerstone of asthma management. These medications primarily aim to reduce inflammation and relax airway muscles, providing symptomatic relief and preventing exacerbations. However, a subset of patients with severe asthma remains inadequately controlled despite optimal conventional therapy. This unmet need has spurred the development of novel pharmacological agents targeting specific pathways involved in asthma pathophysiology. These novel drugs include biologics, small molecules, and new inhaled formulations. Biologics, such as anti-IL-5, anti-IL-4/IL-13, and anti-IgE therapies, offer targeted treatment options for patients with severe asthma by modulating specific immune responses. Small molecule drugs, like PDE4 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, provide new mechanisms to control inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Additionally, advancements in inhaler technology and formulation have led to the development of new inhaled therapies, improving drug delivery and efficacy. This review discusses these novel drugs, highlighting their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles, offering hope for better asthma management and improved patient outcomes.