Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract According to the report of the World Health Organization in 2009, 3438 babies (5.7%) were born prematurely and the average hospitalization days of premature babies (less than 32 weeks of pregnancy) was 35 days. In America, approximately 12% of low-birth-weight babies and 8% of premature babies are born. The length of hospitalization of these babies lasted an average of 3 weeks and cost 1000 to 2500 dollars per day of hospitalization. A baby's age is an important determining factor for his chances of survival and natural growth and development. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, babies who are born earlier than 37 weeks from the last day of menstruation are considered premature. A growing percentage of the deaths of children under 5 years of age occur in infancy. About 38% of deaths in this age group occur within the first month of life, and 28% of these cases are attributed to the birth of premature babies. Since the last two decades, the number of babies with low birth weight has increased mainly due to the increase in the number of premature births, and the rate of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period is mainly influenced by the gestational age and to a lesser extent by the influence of the birth weight. The global prevalence of preterm birth is 9.6% and approximately 12.9 million babies per year, most of which occur in Africa and Asia.

Abstract Introduction: The outcomes after esophagectomy have transformed the management of esophageal pathologies. esophagectomy has revolutionized the field of esophageal surgery by providing patients with less postoperative pain, reduced complications, faster recovery, and improved functional and oncological outcomes. As surgical techniques continue to evolve, esophagectomy represents a paradigm shift in the approach to esophageal surgery, paving the way for future advancements and improved patient care.

Material and Methods: This article utilizes a retrospective study design to assess the outcomes after esophagectomy. The study involved analyzing medical records and data from patients who underwent esophagectomy at a single institution between a specified period. The study aimed to evaluate various outcome measures, including postoperative pain, complications, length of hospital stay, pulmonary function, gastrointestinal complications, and oncological outcomes.

Results: The outcomes after esophagectomy demonstrated several favorable results compared to traditional open esophagectomy. Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the esophagectomy group, with a mean visual analog scale (VAS) score of 3.5 (range: 1-7) compared to 6.8 (range: 4-9) in the open surgery group (p < 0.001). This reduction in pain allowed for earlier initiation of oral intake, with a median time to resumption of oral intake of 3 days in the esophagectomy group compared to 7 days in the open surgery group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights the favorable outcomes after esophagectomy and emphasizes its potential as a pioneering surgical technique in the field of esophageal surgery. esophagectomy offers several advantages over traditional open surgery, including reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, improved pulmonary function, and decreased rates of gastrointestinal complications.

Abstract Introduction: Gastrectomy plays a central role in the management of gastric cancer, and its short-term outcomes have significant implications for patient care and treatment decisions. Surgical morbidity, postoperative recovery, length of hospital stays, and the impact of minimally invasive techniques and lymph node dissection are all critical factors to consider.

Material and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the short-term outcomes of gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer. A retrospective cohort study design was employed to analyze data from a single-center database. The study period spanned from 2019 to 2020.

Results: Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with surgical morbidity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced tumor stage (2.25 95% CI, 2.11-3.19), open surgical approach (5.51 95% CI: 4.88-7.19), and a higher Clavien-Dindo classification (5.595% CI: 5-12.3) were independent predictors of surgical morbidity. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and management of complications, as well as the potential benefits of minimally invasive techniques in reducing surgical morbidity (fig 3).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the study on short-term outcomes of gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer provides valuable insights into the potential risks and benefits associated with the surgical procedure. It emphasizes the need for careful patient selection, meticulous surgical techniques, and comprehensive postoperative care to optimize outcomes and enhance patient satisfaction. Further research is warranted to explore long-term oncological outcomes and survival to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the overall impact of gastrectomy in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Abstract Breast cancer surgery plays a critical role in the management of breast cancer and is aimed at improving survival rates. Evidence-based guidelines have been developed to provide standardized recommendations for surgical interventions in breast cancer patients. These guidelines encompass various aspects of breast cancer surgery, including the selection of appropriate surgical procedures, achievement of clear surgical margins, timing of surgery, and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration. The guidelines emphasize the importance of achieving clear surgical margins, which is associated with a decreased risk of local recurrence and improved survival rates. Breast-conserving surgery, such as lumpectomy, is recommended in eligible patients to achieve tumor removal while preserving the breast. Mastectomy, the complete removal of breast tissue, may be necessary in certain cases, and the guidelines provide recommendations for patient selection and optimal timing. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an integral part of breast cancer surgery for accurate staging and determining appropriate adjuvant therapies. The guidelines highlight the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration to ensure comprehensive evaluation, treatment planning, and follow-up care. Adherence to these guidelines, along with the integration of systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, has shown to improve survival rates in breast cancer patients. Ongoing research and advancements in surgical techniques and molecular profiling continue to refine these guidelines, further enhancing the effectiveness of breast cancer surgery and overall patient survival rates. By following these evidence-based guidelines, healthcare professionals can optimize patient care and contribute to increased survival rates in breast cancer patients.

Abstract Thyroidectomy, the surgical removal of the thyroid gland, is a commonly performed procedure for various thyroid conditions. In recent years, laparoscopic thyroidectomy (LT) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to open thyroidectomy (OT). This abstract presents a comparison of the results between laparoscopic and open thyroidectomy, specifically focusing on surgical efficacy, safety, postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction. Several studies have reported comparable or even superior outcomes with laparoscopic thyroidectomy in terms of surgical efficacy. LT provides magnified visualization and improved access to the surgical field, resulting in lower rates of nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism, while achieving equivalent rates of complete tumor resection and lymph node dissection. In terms of safety, laparoscopic thyroidectomy has demonstrated advantages over open thyroidectomy. It is associated with reduced blood loss, lower rates of wound infections, decreased postoperative pain, and improved cosmetic outcomes due to smaller incisions. However, the learning curve for surgeons must be considered, as adequate training and experience are crucial for ensuring patient safety during laparoscopic procedures. Studies consistently report lower rates of postoperative complications with laparoscopic thyroidectomy, including wound infections, hematoma formation, seroma formation, and postoperative hypoparathyroidism. The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is also lower with laparoscopy. Patient satisfaction tends to be higher with laparoscopic thyroidectomy due to reduced postoperative pain, faster recovery, improved cosmetic outcomes, and shorter hospital stays. In conclusion, laparoscopic thyroidectomy offers potential benefits in terms of surgical efficacy, safety, lower rates of postoperative complications, and higher patient satisfaction compared to open thyroidectomy.

Abstract Introduction: Volar plate arthroplasty is an effective surgical intervention for addressing PIP joint pathologies. However, concerns regarding postoperative ROM limitations have prompted the exploration of adjunctive techniques, such as dorsal blocking pinning. This article aims to investigate the role of dorsal blocking pinning in facilitating ROM changes in the PIP joint after volar plate arthroplasty.

Material and Methods: ROM measurements of the PIP joint were obtained preoperatively and at regular postoperative follow-up visits. Active and passive flexion and extension of the PIP joint were measured using a goniometer. The goniometer was aligned with the longitudinal axis of the finger, with one arm aligned along the proximal phalanx and the other arm aligned along the middle phalanx. ROM measurements were recorded in degrees.

Results: The ROM measurements of the PIP joint were obtained preoperatively and at regular postoperative follow-up visits. In the dorsal blocking pinning group, the mean preoperative flexion was 45 degrees (SD=8.2) and the mean preoperative extension was 10 degrees (SD=3.5). At the final follow-up visit, the mean flexion improved to 60 degrees (SD=6.1) and the mean extension improved to 20 degrees (SD=4.2)

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that dorsal blocking pinning, when combined with volar plate arthroplasty, leads to significantly greater improvements in flexion and extension of the PIP joint compared to volar plate arthroplasty alone. These findings support the role of dorsal blocking pinning as an adjunctive procedure to enhance ROM outcomes and functional recovery following PIP joint arthroplasty.

Abstract Introduction: Determining pre-operative platelet levels and their potential correlation with intraoperative bleeding is an important area of investigation in tibia fracture surgery. Platelet parameters, including platelet count, MPV, PDW, and PCT, have shown promise as potential predictors of bleeding tendencies during surgery. By considering these parameters and other relevant clinical factors, healthcare professionals can enhance surgical planning, optimize patient care, and improve outcomes in tibia fracture surgery.

Material and Methods: Pre-operative platelet levels were determined by collecting a venous blood sample from each participant within 24 hours before surgery. The blood samples were collected using standard aseptic techniques and transferred to the hospital laboratory for analysis. Platelet counts were measured using an automated hematology analyzer, which provided accurate and reliable results. During tibia fracture surgery, the amount of bleeding was measured and recorded. The surgical team employed standard techniques for intraoperative blood loss measurement, including the use of suction devices and weighing surgical sponges.

Results: The results revealed a significant positive correlation between platelet count and intraoperative bleeding (p < 0.05), indicating that higher platelet counts were associated with increased amounts of bleeding during tibia fracture surgery. However, no significant correlations were observed between MPV, PDW, PCT, and intraoperative bleeding (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: this study provides evidence of a significant positive correlation between pre-operative platelet count and the amount of bleeding during tibia fracture surgery. Higher platelet counts were associated with increased amounts of bleeding, suggesting that platelet count may serve as a valuable predictor of bleeding tendencies in this surgical population.

Abstract The management of acute abdomen referred in the emergency department is a complex and challenging task for healthcare professionals. Acute abdomen referred refers to abdominal pain that is perceived in a location distant from the actual underlying pathology. In the emergency department setting, the primary goals of management are to rapidly assess the patient, make an accurate diagnosis, and provide timely interventions to alleviate pain and prevent complications. In this conclusion, we will summarize the key aspects of managing acute abdomen referred in the emergency department. The management of acute abdomen referred in the emergency department begins with a thorough history and physical examination, which can provide valuable clues to the underlying cause. Prompt imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI, are often utilized to aid in the diagnosis. These imaging modalities provide detailed anatomical information and help identify the affected organs or structures contributing to the referred pain. Pharmacological interventions play a crucial role in the emergency management of acute abdomen referred. Analgesics, such as NSAIDs or opioids, are administered to relieve pain and provide comfort to the patient. Antibiotics may be initiated in cases where infection is suspected or confirmed. Proton pump inhibitors and antispasmodics are used to address specific causes of referred pain, such as peptic ulcers or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Surgical intervention may be necessary in cases where conservative management approaches fail or when a definitive diagnosis requires direct visualization and tissue sampling. Emergency surgical procedures such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, or salpingectomy are performed to address specific underlying causes of acute abdomen referred. In the emergency department, timely decision-making and effective communication among healthcare professionals are crucial for the optimal management of acute abdomen referred. Multidisciplinary collaboration, involving emergency physicians, surgeons, radiologists, and other specialists, ensures a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management.

Abstract Introduction: In the subsequent sections of this article, we will delve into the specific methodologies employed in video-assisted pilonidal sinus surgery with minimally invasive hook circulators, review existing literature on postoperative pain outcomes, and discuss the implications of these findings for the future of pilonidal sinus disease management.

Material and Methods: Postoperative pain was assessed using a validated pain scale, such as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) or Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Pain scores were recorded at predefined intervals post-surgery, including immediately upon awakening, at discharge, and during follow-up visits on days 1, 3, 7, and 14.

Results: Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at various time points: immediately upon awakening, at discharge, and during follow-up visits on days 1, 3, 7, and 14. The pain scores were consistently low across all time points, indicating minimal postoperative pain. This trend suggests effective pain management associated with the use of minimally invasive hook circulators.

Conclusion: the study's results support the favorable impact of minimally invasive hook circulators on postoperative pain outcomes in pilonidal sinus surgery. The reduced pain scores, minimal analgesic requirements, and improved recovery trajectories underscore the potential benefits of incorporating these techniques into clinical practice.

Abstract This study has systematically investigated the effect and safety of alendronate on bone density in patients with chronic kidney disease. In this study, by reviewing more than 75 articles and by searching keywords such as: Safety of alendronate, bone density, chronic kidney disease, the issue has been investigated. Alendronate tablet with the English name Alendronate is one of the well-known drugs for patients with osteoporosis and others who are exposed to this disease. Most of its users are postmenopausal women and people who have been treated with corticosteroids for any reason. The results of the present study showed that this drug slows down the activity of cells that play a role in bone decomposition. Therefore, its consumption can be effective in strengthening bones and reducing the risk of fractures, especially in the elderly. This drug does not help reduce the pain caused by a broken bone, and patients should use other treatment methods to relieve their pain. It is not known whether NSAIDs increase the need for dialysis. Therefore, the available data do not confirm the safety of NSAIDs in patients undergoing surgery. More studies involving patients with other health problems are needed. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more at risk of developing osteoporosis (bone weakening), which can often lead to bone fractures. The results of this study showed that this drug may cause ulcers and erosions in the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach), which can sometimes be severe. Symptoms of this condition may include heartburn, difficulty swallowing or pain when swallowing, chest pain, vomiting blood, or black or bloody stools. Tell your doctor immediately if you have these symptoms.

Abstract The present study systematically investigated the relationship between sex hormones and leptin in men. In this study, 70 articles were reviewed and the subject was investigated by searching the words "Leptin", "Patients undergoing surgery" and "Sex hormone". Leptin is a hormone derived from adipose tissue that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are among the complications of obesity. Hyperinsulinemia is one of the factors that seems to affect the leptin hormone level. Few studies have investigated the relationship between leptin and insulin resistance in obesity in children and adolescents. Leptin is made by fat cells, and for this reason, with the presence of these cells and the increase in messaging, when the leptin hormone increases, the message of satiety is sent to the brain; As a result, the person reduces his food consumption. However, sometimes due to the excessive increase of leptin caused by eating sweet and fructose-containing foods, the brain loses its sensitivity to the leptin hormone and does not receive the message of satiety. For this reason, leptin hormone and obesity are related to each other; But their relationship cannot be considered linearly. In many cases, after testing the obesity hormone leptin, the doctor concludes that a person who is overweight has developed a strong resistance to the hormone leptin; Therefore, by prescribing some solutions, such as reducing the amount of fruit consumption, increasing the regularity and hours of rest and sleep, reducing the consumption of sugary foods and changing the diet, as well as consuming enough water, it tries to increase the sensitivity of the brain to the leptin hormone. The results of the recent study showed that the relationship between leptin and insulin resistance was weak and after controlling for body mass index, the relationship disappeared.

Abstract Introduction: Pain intensity represents an important but understudied aspect of sinonasal mucormycosis surgery. Understanding the relationship between pain intensity and mortality is crucial for optimizing pain management strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Material and Methods: Data collection was conducted by reviewing electronic medical records and surgical databases to extract relevant information on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, surgical procedures, pain intensity scores, and mortality outcomes. Pain intensity scores were assessed using validated pain assessment tools such as the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) or Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

Results: The results of the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that pain intensity was significantly associated with mortality (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.45 - 2.28, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, comorbidities, and surgical procedures, each unit increase in pain intensity was associated with a 1.82-fold increase in the hazard of mortality

Conclusion: Our study highlights the significant association between pain intensity and mortality following sinonasal mucormycosis surgery. Effective pain management plays a crucial role in optimizing outcomes for patients undergoing surgical treatment for mucormycosis, and efforts to improve pain control should be integrated into perioperative care protocols.

Abstract Repetition and type of oral hygiene should be done based on oral cavity examination instead of routine. A soft, small toothbrush with a neutral pH moistened with water is more effective than scrubs or sticky foams. Hydrogen peroxide diluted in a 20% solution in a ratio of 1 to 4 diluted with water or sodium bicarbonate (one-half teaspoon per 500 cc) of water can be used to remove debris and dissolve thick mucus. If there are signs of infection such as stomatitis or generitis, antimicrobial mouthwashes or toothpaste such as (Chalrhexidine gluconate 1%) can be used, but the best way to prevent infection is to clean plaque. To prevent dry lips, they should be lubricated with Vaseline or kg gel. Neutral mouthwash solution that does not cause dry mouth, as it may be very easy to use by the patient, but has not been shown to have an effect on maintaining mucosal cohesion. Limited use of glycerin and lemon water-absorbing mouthwash 2-3 times a day may help stimulate saliva secretion. Artificial saliva spray can be used if the mouth is very dry and the patient's fluid intake is limited or they have difficulty swallowing. Dentures should be removed at night, cleaned and soaked in water. Being hydrated will help relieve dry mouth.

Abstract A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy of the fuel directly into electrical energy. Hydrogen gas is used as an ideal fuel in a fuel cell due to its high reactivity, abundance and lack of environmental pollution. In order to produce energy with optimal efficiency, the fuel cell series requires additional equipment called the fuel cell system, which optimal performance conditions for the fuel cell include fuel purity, the amount of air and fuel entering the fuel cell series, gas humidity and water management, temperature control and finally control the gas pressure in the fuel cell system and series. According to the type of fuel cell and its application, these systems are simple or complex, for example, in power plant fuel cells, the fuel converter part that converts fossil fuels, biomass into pure hydrogen, is the main and complex part of the fuel system. In automotive applications, the refueling system can take the following two forms depending on the type of fuel infrastructure: If hydrogen is produced at the refueling station, the vehicle fuel storage system can use different methods such as hydrogen storage in pressure tanks, Use of nanotubes, use of metal hydride absorbers, use of chemical hydrides. In case of hydrogen production in the car, the fuel converter (especially the gasoline and methanol converter) that can be installed on the car is the main and complex part of the fuel system in the car.

Abstract In the present study, hydrogen production and storage systems have been investigated. Underground hydrogen storage is suitable for providing high voltage network energy storage for intermittent and periodic energy sources such as wind power, in addition to providing fuel for transportation, especially for use in ships and airplanes. Most of the research conducted in the field of hydrogen storage emphasizes the storage and maintenance of hydrogen as a dense, light and compact energy carrier for mobile applications. Liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic storage and boils at -252,882°C or -423,188°F. Therefore, its water content is subject to a large reduction and loss of energy. Tanks should also be installed well in order to prevent excessive boiling, but adding insulation or non-conductor will result in higher costs. Liquid hydrogen has a lower energy density in terms of volume and capacity compared to hydrocarbon fuel. Compressed and condensed hydrogen is stored in a completely different way. Hydrogen gas has a good energy density in terms of weight, but its energy density is low in terms of volume and capacity compared to hydrocarbons. Therefore, it requires a larger tank for storage. A large hydrogen tank will be heavier than a small hydrocarbon tank used to store the same amount of energy, all other factors remaining equal. Increasing gas pressure improves energy density in terms of volume and capacity, which favors smaller, though not lighter, tanks.

Abstract The respiratory system has two parts, upper and lower, which are responsible for ventilation (air passage from inside to outside and vice versa). The upper airways include the nostrils, sinuses, tonsils and adenoids, the larynx and trachea, and the lower respiratory tract includes the lungs (bronchial branches and alveoli). On each side of the nose are three separate airways called tentacles. These tentacles heat and humidity and filter the incoming air. Mucus secretions are constantly flowing in the nasal cavities, causing it to become moist. These secretions are secreted from goblet cells of the nose and are constantly flowing to the throat by ciliated bodies. The olfactory neurotransmitters are located in the nasal membrane. The sinuses around the nose are four pairs of bony cavities made up of epithelial tissue and mucus-secreting glands that drain their mucus secretions into the nasal cavity. These sinuses are: frontal sinuses (forehead), ethmoidal sinuses (perineum of the eye), sphenoidal sinuses (butterfly), maxillary sinuses (cheek). The throat is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx (nasopharynx), the oropharynx (rural throat) and the laryngopharynx (larynx). The larynx is made up of 9 cartilages: 3 large epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid and 3 small paired cartilages. The most important function of the larynx is to produce sound, and its other role is to pass air through the upper to lower system. It also prevents foreign objects from entering the bottom by creating a cough reflex. Thyroid cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage. Arytenoid cartilage, along with thyroid cartilage, is involved in moving the vocal cords. The trachea has a C-shaped or semi-annular cartilage tissue, and the posterior part, which is adjacent to the esophagus, has muscle tissue.

Abstract The casualty has a normal pulse and spontaneous breathing. Ensuring ineffective resuscitation and inactivity of the heart, lack of blood circulation, inability and resuscitation fatigue in the continuation of work. There is often no bid to announce the end of CPR. The resuscitation team, loaded with the knowledge and awareness of bittersweet experiences, sometimes gives up on continuing CPR due to symptoms. Several factors can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest. Cardiopulmonary arrest does not necessarily occur together, and cardiac arrest may occur first, followed by respiratory arrest. Conversely, if the heart first suffers, it may stop breathing due to blood reaching the respiratory centers and disrupting the function of these centers. If it stops first, the heart will stop because of severe cardiac hypoxia. Normally the P lead II wave has a peak. In left atrial hypertrophy, the P-wave II wavelength is prolonged, lasting equal to or greater than 0.12 seconds. The P-wave is also serrated in lead II and has the pattern M. The most common cause of left atrial enlargement is mitral valve stenosis. For this reason, the wide, serrated P-wave in lead II is called the mitral P-wave. Ischemic heart disease, MI, hypertension, fibrotic degeneration, aortic stenosis due to calcium deposition, hypertensive or congestive cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy, congestive heart disease, following cardiac surgery, left ventricular heart failure. May occur in the absence of heart disease, fibrotic degeneration, ischemic heart disease, MI, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, congenital heart disease, atrial septal defect, fallot tetralogy, acute and massive pulmonary embolism, and renal mass QRS complex time is more than 0.12 seconds (3 small squares).

Abstract The Herring Brewer reaction is activated by the alveolar stretch receptors and prevents the lungs from dilating too much. Only 3% of oxygen is dissolved in plasma, which is indicated by Fio2, and the rest is dissolved by Hb, which is called oxyhemoglobin. The oxyhemoglobin separation curve shows the relationship between pa02 and sato2. An increase in Co2, a decrease in pH through temperature, and an increase in 2 and 3 diphosphoglycerates cause the curve to shift to the right. Patients are advised to avoid alcohol and anti-depressant drugs and lose weight. If the patient develops hypoxemia and hypercapnia, treatment includes using a positive pressure breathing apparatus or 02 with a visual cannula. CPAP may be used to prevent airway collapse. Usually, medication is recommended. It cannot be used, but medafinil, protrinipillin may be used. Bleeding from the nose is often the site of nosebleeds from the anterior part of the nasal septum, the junction of the three main arteries. Causes include: local infections, systemic infections, nasal inhalers, atherosclerosis, trauma, HTN, thrombocytopenia, aspirin use. Treatment includes: direct pressure at the site of bleeding. The patient is seated with the head to prevent the risk of sinusitis syndrome and toxic shock. The patient should be instructed to avoid heavy work, pushing, tight fins, climbing to heights, and nose injuries. It is also important to provide humidity and prevent the nasal mucosa from drying out.

Abstract The present study investigates the use of drilling mud and the reasons for its use. Drilling mud is defined as the process of adding or injecting special materials into drilling wells. These materials can be of different types, each of which performs specific tasks. For example, drilling mud materials are composed of materials such as clay, siliceous mud, polymers and chemicals. These materials are responsible for the most important function of drilling mud, which is to stabilize the well. In fact, they act as a barrier to natural materials in the underground and prevent the free flow of oil and gas to the surface. Waste of drilling mud means its waste in the drilling process. Drilling mud is a material that simplifies the process of drilling a well and makes it possible to drain waste from it. There are many different types of drilling muds according to their different characteristics, and they are most widely used in the oil and gas industry, for drilling deep wells, and ultimately for the production of mineral bitumen or natural bitumen. Usually, in any drilling mud, this substance penetrates into the empty spaces inside the formation and causes problems. This problem occurs especially in oil and gas industries and in the early stages of well drilling. The deeper the well in question, the more complicated it will be to drill, and as a result, the drilling mud will be a more important issue. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles to control the properties and characteristics of drilling fluids has created many improvements in this field.

Abstract The present study has investigated drilling problems and practical solutions regarding them. It is almost certain that problems will occur when drilling a well, even in the most carefully planned wells. For example, in areas where similar drilling methods are used, pitting problems may be reported where there were no such problems before. Because the formations are heterogeneous. Therefore, two wells near each other may have completely different geological conditions. In well planning, the key to achieving successful objectives is to design drilling programs based on anticipation of possible wellbore problems rather than caution and containment. Drilling problems can be very costly. The most common drilling problems include pipe sticking, loss of circulation, hole deviation, pipe failure, formation damage, hole cleaning, H2S and shallow gas formation, and equipment and personnel problems. Understanding and predicting drilling problems, understanding their causes and planning solutions are essential for overall cost control and successful reaching of the target area. Efroni base fluids have entered the drilling industry since the beginning of 2000, due to their unique properties, they can solve many drilling problems, especially in drained and deviated reservoirs, such as spillage, well wall instability, pressure jam and many other problems. to fix Due to the hundred years of drilling in Iran, most of the old reservoirs have either been emptied or are being emptied. Another characteristic of Iran's fields is the presence of fractured reservoirs with high permeability, which makes drilling in them very difficult and causes loss of capital and irreparable damage to hydrocarbon reservoirs. Unfortunately, despite the many advantages of these fluids, there is still no operational experience of them in the fields of Iran.

Abstract The manifestations of Covid-19 in the CT scan of children with Covid-19 are very diverse and lacking in features. Some children with mild disease have normal findings on CT scan. In those patients with pulmonary disorders, the most common finding is ground glass opacities, especially in the peripheral and posterior parts of the lungs, along with involvement of the sub pleural areas. Compared to adults, ground-glass opacities in children with Covid-19 are more localized and characterized by lower attenuation and less lobular involvement. A study has shown that small nodular ground-glass opacities can be found in children with Covid-19. In addition to manifestations such as ground-glass opacities, consolidation or thickening of interlobular septa can also be seen in children. In some rare cases, diffuse consolidation of the lung occurs, which is seen as a white lung. In addition to the above-mentioned findings, in some cases, high-resolution CT scan changes are similar to bronchopneumonia and are seen as patchy opacities along the bronchial vascular bundle. In another study conducted by Steinberger et al., 30 children with Covid-19 aged 10 months to 18 years were examined. In most of these children, the CT scan did not show any specific findings, and the observed findings were opaque glass opacities with peripheral distribution, crazy paving pattern, and signs of aura and inverted aura.

Abstract Doctors in New York, for the first time in the United States, examined lung scans of patients infected with the Corona virus in China. They believe that with the help of CT scan, certain patterns in the lungs can be identified as indicators of the infection of the Covid-19 virus. According to them, this method helps to quickly identify the patient and isolate him in the early stages of the disease, even before the symptoms appear. On the other hand, with the help of CT scan, the degree of destruction of lung tissue can be checked more easily. This is while X-ray scanning does not provide this possibility for doctors. Adam Bernheim, one of the assistant professors at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, says: CT scan images are a very accurate identification tool because the internal organs of the body can be seen in three dimensions. In the same way, many diseases can also be identified. This research was published in the Journal of Radiology, during which researchers examined the scans of 94 patients in 4 health centers in 4 states of China. These patients were hospitalized between January 18 and February 1, and all of them had traveled to Wuhan (the center of the outbreak of the Corona virus) or had contact with someone infected with the virus. Radiologists reviewed the scans of these people and took notes based on the time of symptoms and the time of CT scan. This method showed that it is possible to track the destruction of lung tissue faster by CT scan. The researchers of this project have decided to use the CT scan along with the test kits of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Abstract Introduction: The present study examines the use of robotic tools in hip arthroplasty surgery based on practical points. The purpose of this study was to assess the skeletal stability of a one-piece Lefort I osteotomy with auto graft maxillary advancement. In recent decades, with the help of scientific and technological advances, surgery has become a treatment, and the use of tele robots as the most advanced type of third-generation minimally invasive surgery, which has a very advanced system of remote surgery, is being investigated many times.

Method: The most relevant and important databases of medical resources, such as PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Cenral, were thoroughly searched for this purpose, in addition to referring to the papers discovered in electronic search and review. Their sources were reviewed, and a manual search was conducted, as well as communication with specialists in the subject if necessary. To search, the suitable term (Mesh, Free text) was used.

Findings: The results showed that due to the presence of multiple shearing forces in the common area between the femoral head prosthesis and the conical area of the stem prosthesis, corrosion caused by friction and wear at the interface between the two, which is considered as tiprosis, causes the production of metal ions and particles.

Conclusion: Very finely released from the existing metal surface, it is placed on the polyethylene liners of the hip joint, which itself causes consequences such as metallosis, bone osteolysis, and the loss of prosthesis stability. Also, limb length difference after hip joint replacement, THA (Total hip arthroplasty) is a common complication that affects the patient's satisfaction with joint replacement.

Abstract The relationship between the expression of CC49, a tumor-associated glycoprotein, and outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery has garnered significant interest in recent years. This study aims to elucidate the prognostic value of CC49 in patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer. A cohort of 300 patients was evaluated for CC49 expression through immunohistochemical analysis of tumor samples collected during surgery. The results indicated that high CC49 expression was significantly correlated with poorer overall survival and increased recurrence rates. Multivariate analysis confirmed CC49 as an independent predictor of adverse outcomes, even after adjusting for traditional risk factors such as tumor stage, lymph node involvement, and patient comorbidities. Additionally, patients with elevated CC49 levels showed a reduced response to adjuvant chemotherapy. These findings suggest that CC49 could serve as a valuable biomarker for identifying high-risk patients who may benefit from more aggressive post-surgical management and tailored therapeutic strategies. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms by which CC49 influences tumor behavior and to validate these results in larger, prospective studies.

Abstract Introduction: breast carcinoma presenting with prostate metastasis represents a rare but clinically significant entity, necessitating a comprehensive exploration of its biomarker profile. By unraveling the molecular determinants driving this unique metastatic tropism, we can pave the way for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patients.

Material and methods: Blood samples were collected from study participants to assess circulating biomarkers reflective of tumor burden, treatment response, and disease progression. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were isolated from peripheral blood using established methodologies, including density gradient centrifugation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays.

Results: Copy number analysis revealed frequent amplifications of oncogenes, including MYC (n=20, 44.4%) and CCND1 (n=16, 35.6%), coupled with deletions of tumor suppressor genes like PTEN (n=12, 26.7%) and CDKN2A (n=10, 22.2%). Furthermore, analysis of gene expression profiles unveiled distinct molecular subtypes, with luminal A (n=20, 44.4%) and luminal B (n=15, 33.3%) tumors predominating, followed by HER2-enriched (n=6, 13.3%) and basal-like (n=4, 8.9%) subtypes.

Conclusion: the comprehensive analysis of biomarkers in breast carcinoma presenting with prostate metastasis provides critical insights into the molecular underpinnings of this rare clinical entity, informing personalized therapeutic strategies and prognostication.

Abstract Breast cancer surgery remains a cornerstone in the treatment of breast cancer, with evolving strategies aimed at optimizing outcomes and preserving quality of life. This comprehensive overview examines the latest advances, surgical options, and critical considerations in breast cancer surgery. Traditional approaches, such as mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery (BCS), are discussed alongside emerging techniques including oncoplastic surgery and minimally invasive procedures. Advances in imaging and surgical planning have enhanced the precision and efficacy of tumor removal while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has largely replaced extensive lymph node dissection, reduced complications and improving patient recovery. The integration of neoadjuvant therapies has allowed for tumor downstaging, enabling more patients to opt for BCS over mastectomy. Patient-specific factors, including genetic predispositions, tumor characteristics, and personal preferences, play a critical role in surgical decision-making. Reconstruction options, from autologous tissue reconstruction to implant-based methods, are also explored, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in tailoring treatments to individual needs. This review highlights the importance of ongoing research and innovation in improving surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction in breast cancer care.

Abstract Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of approximately 6-10% worldwide. Characterized by a range of symptoms including irregular menstrual cycles, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries, PCOS presents a complex challenge for both diagnosis and management. The syndrome's etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This comprehensive review aims to explore the various predictive factors associated with PCOS, encompassing genetic predispositions, hormonal imbalances, metabolic dysfunctions, lifestyle influences, and potential environmental triggers. Characterized by symptoms such as menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries, PCOS presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The multifaceted nature of PCOS makes it a challenge to diagnose and manage effectively. Understanding the predictive factors involved in PCOS is crucial for early identification and personalized treatment.

Abstract Introduction: the determination of D-dimer levels in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis following lower extremity fractures presents a complex yet critical challenge. This cross-sectional study aims to delineate the diagnostic value of D-dimer in this specific patient group, contributing to improved clinical practices and patient outcomes. Material and methods: Blood samples were collected from each participant within 24 hours of hospital admission. D-dimer levels were measured using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The assay was performed in the hospital’s central laboratory following standard operating procedures. The D-dimer levels were expressed in fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU) with a cut-off value of 500 ng/mL considered as the threshold for abnormal levels. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of D-dimer for diagnosing DVT were calculated. Conclusion: the determination of D-dimer levels is a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting DVT in patients with lower extremity fractures. While the high sensitivity and NPV support its use as a preliminary screening test, the moderate specificity and PPV suggest that elevated D-dimer levels should be followed by confirmatory imaging.

Abstract Background: Contradictory findings regarding plasma levels of adiponectin and nesfatin-1 in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have caused confusion among researchers. this update systematic review aimed to investigate the serum levels of adiponectin and nesfatin-1 in PCOS patients.

Materials & Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and SID (an Iranian database) to identify relevant studies. In accordance with the PRISMA steps, the following keywords and their combinations were used: Adiponectin, Nesfatin-1, and PCOS.

Results: A total of 28 high-quality articles were identified, of which 23 were related to adiponectin (Four reported no significant association and 19 reported a negative and significant association with PCOS) and 5 articles were related to Nesfatin-1 (4 reported a negative and significant association and one reported no association).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that levels of adiponectin and nesfatin-1 hormones may be appropriate predictors of PCOS.