Covid
Seyed Vahid Seyed Hosseini
Abstract
Breast cancer surgery plays a critical role in the management of breast cancer and is aimed at improving survival rates. Evidence-based guidelines have been developed to provide standardized recommendations for surgical interventions in breast cancer patients. These guidelines encompass various aspects ...
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Breast cancer surgery plays a critical role in the management of breast cancer and is aimed at improving survival rates. Evidence-based guidelines have been developed to provide standardized recommendations for surgical interventions in breast cancer patients. These guidelines encompass various aspects of breast cancer surgery, including the selection of appropriate surgical procedures, achievement of clear surgical margins, timing of surgery, and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration. The guidelines emphasize the importance of achieving clear surgical margins, which is associated with a decreased risk of local recurrence and improved survival rates. Breast-conserving surgery, such as lumpectomy, is recommended in eligible patients to achieve tumor removal while preserving the breast. Mastectomy, the complete removal of breast tissue, may be necessary in certain cases, and the guidelines provide recommendations for patient selection and optimal timing. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an integral part of breast cancer surgery for accurate staging and determining appropriate adjuvant therapies. The guidelines highlight the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration to ensure comprehensive evaluation, treatment planning, and follow-up care. Adherence to these guidelines, along with the integration of systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, has shown to improve survival rates in breast cancer patients. Ongoing research and advancements in surgical techniques and molecular profiling continue to refine these guidelines, further enhancing the effectiveness of breast cancer surgery and overall patient survival rates. By following these evidence-based guidelines, healthcare professionals can optimize patient care and contribute to increased survival rates in breast cancer patients.
Medicine
Nura Sobhan
Abstract
The respiratory system has two parts, upper and lower, which are responsible for ventilation (air passage from inside to outside and vice versa). The upper airways include the nostrils, sinuses, tonsils and adenoids, the larynx and trachea, and the lower respiratory tract includes the lungs (bronchial ...
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The respiratory system has two parts, upper and lower, which are responsible for ventilation (air passage from inside to outside and vice versa). The upper airways include the nostrils, sinuses, tonsils and adenoids, the larynx and trachea, and the lower respiratory tract includes the lungs (bronchial branches and alveoli). On each side of the nose are three separate airways called tentacles. These tentacles heat and humidity and filter the incoming air. Mucus secretions are constantly flowing in the nasal cavities, causing it to become moist. These secretions are secreted from goblet cells of the nose and are constantly flowing to the throat by ciliated bodies. The olfactory neurotransmitters are located in the nasal membrane. The sinuses around the nose are four pairs of bony cavities made up of epithelial tissue and mucus-secreting glands that drain their mucus secretions into the nasal cavity. These sinuses are: frontal sinuses (forehead), ethmoidal sinuses (perineum of the eye), sphenoidal sinuses (butterfly), maxillary sinuses (cheek). The throat is divided into three parts: the nasopharynx (nasopharynx), the oropharynx (rural throat) and the laryngopharynx (larynx). The larynx is made up of 9 cartilages: 3 large epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid and 3 small paired cartilages. The most important function of the larynx is to produce sound, and its other role is to pass air through the upper to lower system. It also prevents foreign objects from entering the bottom by creating a cough reflex. Thyroid cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage. Arytenoid cartilage, along with thyroid cartilage, is involved in moving the vocal cords. The trachea has a C-shaped or semi-annular cartilage tissue, and the posterior part, which is adjacent to the esophagus, has muscle tissue.
