Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Introduction: Femoral implant surgery is frequently complicated by early inflammatory reactions that may be difficult to distinguish from normal postoperative responses. Because C-reactive protein reflects systemic inflammatory activity, preoperative measurement may help identify patients at greater risk of acute pathologic inflammation after surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of preoperative CRP in predicting acute inflammation following femoral implant placement.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was estimated at 73 patients, who were enrolled through convenience sampling. Data were extracted from medical records on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, preoperative CRP and other laboratory findings, operative details, and early postoperative inflammatory outcomes to assess the diagnostic value of preoperative CRP.
Results: Among 73 patients, acute postoperative inflammation occurred in 21.9%. Affected patients had higher preoperative CRP (24.18 vs 12.32 mg/L, P < 0.001), ESR (34.50 vs 25.98 mm/h, P = 0.009), and WBC (9.96 vs 8.40 x10³/muL, P = 0.015), but lower hemoglobin (11.28 vs 12.34 g/dL, P = 0.021) and albumin (3.29 vs 3.70 g/dL, P = 0.003). CRP showed good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.812, sensitivity 78.9%, specificity 73.6%, NPV 95.1%).
Conclusion: Preoperative CRP appears to be a clinically useful marker for identifying patients at risk of acute inflammation after femoral implant placement. Its strong discriminatory capacity and high negative predictive value suggest particular value in perioperative risk stratification, especially when interpreted alongside comorbidity burden, nutritional status, and operative complexity.

Abstract Introduction: Tibial fractures present substantial healing challenges because limited soft-tissue coverage, vulnerable blood supply, fracture complexity, and host-related factors increase the risk of impaired union. Although plate fixation restores alignment and stability, it may contribute to infection, nonunion, malunion, and implant-related complications. This study aimed to evaluate healing time and complications following tibial fracture plating from a pathologic perspective.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 52 patients who underwent plate fixation for tibial fractures at Shahid Madani Hospital, Tabriz, selected through convenience sampling. Demographic, clinical, fracture-related, laboratory, operative, and postoperative data were collected from medical records and follow-up assessments. Healing time was determined using clinical and radiographic evidence of union, while postoperative complications, including infection, impaired union, malalignment, and implant-related failure, were documented.
Results: Patients with postoperative complications were older and had more severe injuries, including higher rates of open and comminuted fractures, longer time to surgery, and worse preoperative inflammatory and nutritional profiles (all significant variables, P<0.05). Healing time was markedly prolonged in complicated cases (23.2 ± 4.6 vs 15.9 ± 3.2 weeks, P<0.001). Independent predictors included age (OR=1.04), open fracture (OR=2.86), CRP (OR=1.17), surgical delay (OR=1.38), and operative duration (OR=1.21).
Conclusion: These findings indicate that postoperative complications after tibial plate fixation are driven by both fracture severity and adverse preoperative biological status. Early surgical management, control of inflammation, and optimization of hemoglobin and albumin levels may improve healing and reduce complication risk. Preoperative CRP and operative burden appear particularly valuable for risk stratification and perioperative decision-making.

Abstract Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a biologically aggressive malignancy in which molecular alterations may extend beyond visible tumor tissue into surgical margins. Long non-coding RNAs, particularly LNC-NORAD, may influence genomic stability, stress responses, and tumor progression. This study aimed to assess LNC-NORAD expression changes in tumor and surgical margin samples of OSCC.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2024. Using convenience sampling, 100 specimens comprising 50 oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues and 50 matched healthy surgical margins were collected from 50 patients. LNC-NORAD expression was quantified by real-time PCR and evaluated alongside age, sex, smoking status, tumor site and size, histological grade, invasion characteristics, TNM stage, lymph node involvement, and margin status.
Results: LNC-NORAD expression was significantly higher in OSCC tumor tissues than in matched healthy surgical margins (3.18 ± 1.07 vs. 1.24 ± 0.43; P<0.001). Increased tumoral expression was associated with smoking, larger tumor size, poorer histological differentiation, deeper invasion, perineural invasion, advanced TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis. By contrast, no significant associations were observed with sex, anatomical tumor site, or lymphovascular invasion.
Conclusion: LNC-NORAD is markedly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared with matched surgical margins and is closely associated with several indicators of tumor aggressiveness. These findings suggest that this long non-coding RNA may serve as a useful molecular marker for identifying biologically advanced and clinically high-risk oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma remains a major clinical challenge, and conventional margin assessment may overlook molecular alterations associated with residual disease and field cancerization. DUSP1, a regulator of MAPK signaling, may contribute to tumor behavior. This study aimed to assess DUSP1 expression levels in tumor and surgical margin samples of LSCC.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences on 50 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, selected through convenience sampling based on the Cochran formula for single-group studies. DUSP1 expression was measured in paired tumor and surgical margin samples, alongside demographic, clinical, and pathological variables, including age, sex, smoking status, tumor site, grade, TNM stage, lymph node involvement, and margin status.
Results: In this study of 50 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, mean DUSP1 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in paired surgical margins (2.73 ± 0.68 vs. 1.41 ± 0.37; P=0.001). Tumoral DUSP1 expression was also greater in smokers, poorly differentiated tumors, advanced-stage disease, node-positive cases, and positive surgical margins, indicating a consistent association between elevated DUSP1 levels and more aggressive clinicopathological characteristics.
Conclusion: DUSP1 was significantly overexpressed in LSCC tumor tissue compared with surgical margins and was associated with adverse clinicopathological features. These findings suggest that DUSP1 may serve as a promising molecular indicator of tumor aggressiveness and local disease extension.

Abstract Introduction: Lumpectomy is a standard breast-conserving procedure, yet acute postoperative complications may delay recovery and adjuvant treatment. Beyond clinical risk factors, tumor biology may influence wound healing and inflammatory responses. This study aimed to evaluate the association between progesterone receptor expression and the incidence of acute postoperative complications following lumpectomy.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2025 on 54 women undergoing lumpectomy, with sample size estimated using the Cochran formula and participants enrolled by convenience sampling. Progesterone receptor expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on surgical specimens, and its association with acute postoperative complications was analyzed alongside demographic, clinical, pathological, and perioperative variables using appropriate statistical tests.
Results: Results summary: Among 54 patients undergoing lumpectomy, PR-negative status was associated with poorer early postoperative outcomes. Compared with PR-positive patients, PR-negative patients had higher postoperative VAS scores (4.06 ± 1.43 vs. 3.14 ± 1.21; p = 0.017), more acute complications (50.00% vs. 22.22%; p = 0.037), and more unplanned visits (33.33% vs. 11.11%; p = 0.048). PR negativity independently predicted complications after adjustment (OR = 3.84; p = 0.039).
Conclusion: PR-negative status was associated with a higher risk of acute postoperative complications after lumpectomy. Despite broadly comparable operative variables, PR-negative patients experienced greater postoperative morbidity and more unplanned visits, suggesting that receptor status may help identify patients requiring closer early postoperative monitoring.

Abstract Introduction: Early postoperative inflammation after lumpectomy may be influenced by tumor biology, particularly estrogen receptor expression, which modulates immune signaling and cytokine activity. However, its relationship with surgical inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between estrogen receptor expression and inflammatory responses during the first 24-hour postoperative period.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2026 on 45 women undergoing lumpectomy, selected by convenience sampling. Estrogen receptor expression was assessed immunohistochemically in surgical specimens, while early postoperative inflammation was evaluated by 24-hour serum C-reactive protein measurement. Additional variables included age, body mass index, menopausal status, tumor characteristics, operative duration, white blood cell count, temperature, drainage volume, and pain score.
Results: Our study demonstrated that ER-negative patients exhibited a more pronounced inflammatory response post-lumpectomy. The ER-negative group showed significantly higher 24-hour CRP (16.83 vs. 12.46 mg/L; p=0.001) and WBC counts (10.08 vs. 8.71 × 10³/µL; p=0.017) than ER-positive patients. Regression analysis confirmed an independent inverse association between ER expression and postoperative CRP levels (adjusted β=3.92; p=0.003), underscoring a distinct link between molecular phenotype and acute systemic inflammatory intensity.
Conclusion: ER-negative status in breast cancer patients significantly exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response during the first 24 hours after lumpectomy. This association suggests that ER expression serves as a critical molecular biomarker for early postoperative recovery. Consequently, patients with ER-negative tumors may require heightened clinical surveillance and targeted anti-inflammatory interventions to manage the observed surge in acute inflammatory markers following surgical resection.

Abstract Introduction: This study compares intensive care unit outcomes between obese and non-obese postmenopausal women undergoing gastric surgery, a population vulnerable to distinct metabolic and respiratory risks. Ultimately, we aim to evaluate how obesity status influences postoperative ICU length of stay, complication rates, and resource utilization in these patients.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences during 2023 and included 215 postmenopausal women selected through convenience sampling. Sample size was estimated using the Cochran formula for a single-population proportion. The study assessed demographic, clinical, surgical, and ICU-related variables, including obesity status, comorbidities, operative characteristics, inflammatory markers, postoperative complications, and key intensive care outcomes.
Results: Obese postmenopausal women experienced significantly longer ICU stays (54.82 ± 14.63 vs. 38.15 ± 9.47 hours; p < 0.001) and prolonged mechanical ventilation (8.42 vs. 4.15 hours). Higher rates of respiratory distress (29.81% vs. 9.91%; p < 0.001) and wound infections (12.50% vs. 3.60%; p = 0.014) were observed. Consequently, obesity extended total hospitalization to 8.74 days compared to 6.82 days (p < 0.001), reflecting a more complex and resource-intensive postoperative recovery trajectory.
Conclusion: Obesity in postmenopausal women significantly impairs recovery after gastric surgery, leading to extended ICU stays and increased respiratory and infectious complications. These findings suggest that obese patients require more intensive perioperative management and specialized monitoring. Clinicians should prioritize early mobilization and targeted pulmonary interventions to mitigate the heightened resource utilization and clinical risks associated with elevated body mass in this population.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic post-mastectomy pain is a common and disabling survivorship problem, and growing evidence suggests that early postoperative inflammation may contribute to its development. C-reactive protein is an accessible biomarker of surgical inflammatory response. This study aimed to evaluate whether first-postoperative-day C-reactive protein levels are associated with subsequent chronic post-mastectomy pain.
Material and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2022 on 50 women undergoing mastectomy, selected by convenience sampling. Sample size was estimated using the Cochran single-group formula. The main variables included first-postoperative-day serum C-reactive protein level and chronic post-mastectomy pain at follow-up, alongside demographic, clinical, surgical, oncologic, and postoperative variables potentially related to pain development.
Results: Among 50 women undergoing mastectomy, 19 (38.0%) developed chronic post-mastectomy pain. Mean first-postoperative-day CRP was significantly higher in patients with chronic pain than in those without pain (36.2 ± 11.6 vs 23.9 ± 8.7 mg/L, P < 0.001). Axillary lymph node dissection (84.2% vs 54.8%, P = 0.034), longer operative time (127.9 ± 25.1 vs 109.8 ± 21.6 minutes, P = 0.011), and early postoperative complications (36.8% vs 12.9%, P = 0.046) were also associated with pain development.
Conclusion: Elevated first-postoperative-day CRP was independently associated with chronic post-mastectomy pain, suggesting that an intensified early postoperative inflammatory response may play an important role in pain chronification after breast cancer surgery.

Abstract The present study examined the iodine diet in patients with hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a serious disease that occurs due to dysfunction of the thyroid gland and increased production of thyroid hormone. This disease is usually treated with ant thyroid drugs and, if necessary, surgery. However, a healthy diet can also have a positive effect on improving the health of patients and their condition. For this reason, experts usually recommend that patients with hyperthyroidism follow a diet suitable for hyperthyroidism, along with other treatment options. The amount of radioactive iodine used to control thyroid diseases can vary depending on the individual's disease, so that in some diseases the dose can be without side effects. A proper diet can take steps to eliminate substances that aggravate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and help improve the symptoms of the disease. A major problem in the diet of people with hyperthyroidism is controlling the amount of iodine intake. In some cases, doctors believe that the presence of excessive amounts of iodine can be effective in cases of hyperthyroidism, and therefore controlling the amount of iodine in the diet can help relieve the symptoms of the disease. The results showed that hyperthyroidism can cause obvious weight loss and make it difficult to gain weight. This is because the body's metabolism increases in this disease. The obvious connection between diet and hyperthyroidism is the presence of iodine in the diet. There are many reasons for the belief that iodine can increase the likelihood of developing hyperthyroidism. On the other hand, Graves' disease has an interesting connection with gluten. Diet can be useful for minimizing the damage caused by hyperthyroidism, especially brittle bones.

Abstract The development of renewable energy in Iran is of great importance due to its favorable geographical conditions and the need for sustainable energy sources, and the integration of renewable energy sources in oil and gas operations will create a sustainable future for future generations. The world is at a critical juncture where the demand for energy intersects with the urgent need to combat climate change. Traditional energy sources, dependent on fossil fuels, significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. In response, there is a paradigm shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Programming, in conjunction with technological innovations, plays a pivotal role in the use and optimization of these renewable energy solutions. The role of programming in renewable energy solutions is not just supportive but also transformative. From designing efficient systems and optimizing energy production to enabling smart grids and harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, programming is the main axis that drives the renewable energy revolution forward. As the world increasingly embraces sustainable energy sources, the challenges and opportunities for programming in this area continue to expand. By leveraging the capabilities of programming languages, frameworks, and emerging technologies, developers can help create a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. As we navigate the complexities of climate change, programming becomes an essential tool that enables us to harness the potential of renewable energy and lead the global transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy ecosystem.

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have changed the landscape of energy storage and ushered in a new era of clean, efficient and sustainable energy solutions. From powering our smartphones and laptops to fueling the transportation and renewable energy sectors, lithium-ion batteries are essential to modern life. The main goal of the innovative technology is to solve one of the old challenges of the battery industry: The erosion of liquid electrolytes. As research and innovation continue to push the boundaries of battery technology, the future holds exciting opportunities for even more efficient, safer and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions. By harnessing the potential of lithium-ion batteries, we can pave the way to a greener and more electrified future for generations to come. Additionally, this solution can improve battery safety by reducing the risk of thermal runaway – a common concern in older lithium-ion batteries. This development is in line with phenomena such as the global determination for sustainable energy solutions as well as the increasing demand for high-performance batteries.

Abstract Genetic technologies in personalized medicine have revolutionized the management of anticoagulant therapy. Despite their vital role in preventing blood clots, these drugs pose numerous challenges in dose adjustment and side effect management due to the varying responses of patients. Genetic analysis has enabled the provision of personalized, safer, and more effective therapy by identifying genetic differences in related genes such as CYP2C9 and VKORC1. By precisely adjusting the dose, reducing side effects, accelerating the treatment process, and reducing costs, this technology not only improves the quality of life of patients but also paves the way for new standards in healthcare. However, challenges such as high costs, limited access, and privacy issues require attention and resolution. In this approach, the genome of the individual in question is compared with reference genomes, and based on the information obtained, the individual can be treated in an appropriate and specific way. In fact, the genetic nature of the individual determines the treatment strategy. One aspect of personalized medicine is the use of pharmacogenomics. In this method, a more appropriate and informed drug is provided by using and knowing the sequence of an individual's genome. In conventional medicine, drugs are often prescribed with the idea that the effect of the drug is the same for everyone, but in fact this is not the case and each person responds differently to the drug depending on the nature of their genome sequence. Therefore, various factors must be taken into account. For example, depending on these sequences, side effects, the required amount of drug, the likelihood of successful treatment, and the prognosis of the disease will all be unique to each individual.

Abstract Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that, according to evidence, can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) or even more severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Epidemiology A disease, whether contagious or non-contagious, may be more or less common in some areas and under some conditions among a large number of people. In other words, a disease can be more or less common. The science that studies how diseases spread and what causes them to spread is called epidemiology, which is a branch of medical science. Basically, epidemiology seeks to prevent the occurrence and spread of a disease or to control it if it does spread. Communicable diseases are a type of infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person or to humans through insects and other animals. This disease can also be transmitted by organisms in contaminated water or food that has been exposed to the environment by an infected person. For example, a sick child's cough is one way to transmit a cold or flu to others, which must be well taken care of and prevented. In general, the factors that because infectious diseases include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The signs and symptoms of infectious diseases will also vary depending on the agent causing the infection.

Abstract Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying inflammation. This condition affects millions worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Traditional therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and bronchodilators, have long been the cornerstone of asthma management. These medications primarily aim to reduce inflammation and relax airway muscles, providing symptomatic relief and preventing exacerbations. However, a subset of patients with severe asthma remains inadequately controlled despite optimal conventional therapy. This unmet need has spurred the development of novel pharmacological agents targeting specific pathways involved in asthma pathophysiology. These novel drugs include biologics, small molecules, and new inhaled formulations. Biologics, such as anti-IL-5, anti-IL-4/IL-13, and anti-IgE therapies, offer targeted treatment options for patients with severe asthma by modulating specific immune responses. Small molecule drugs, like PDE4 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, provide new mechanisms to control inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Additionally, advancements in inhaler technology and formulation have led to the development of new inhaled therapies, improving drug delivery and efficacy. This review discusses these novel drugs, highlighting their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles, offering hope for better asthma management and improved patient outcomes.

Abstract One of these new concepts that was created with the increasing development of medical science and biological knowledge was “Regenerative Medicine”, which is referred to as the medicine of the future. It has been less than 20 years since the concept of regenerative medicine entered the medical field and has become one of the areas of interest of universities, research centers, and biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Regenerative medicine seeks to find new methods of preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases, so that it can move from traditional medicine that works around the diagnosis and treatment with chemical and, to some extent, biotechnological drugs, towards individual-centered medicine and even precision medicine, for which biological products and drugs will play an important role. Despite the extensive advances in medical science, a significant number of human diseases are still incurable and only the symptoms of the disease are controlled. Therefore, regenerative medicine tries to treat these diseases definitively by using the same tools that the body naturally uses to repair damaged tissues and organs. These tools include: body cells, the material that surrounds cells in their natural habitat, and molecules that affect cells. Stem cells are one type of cell used in this field and have received special attention due to their great ability to transform into other cells and repair damaged areas. Stem cells play a major role in the development of organisms from the embryonic period and these cells can be identified in body tissues both during the embryonic period and after birth and are responsible for maintaining cellular balance in the normal state as well as during the process of repairing a tissue after disease.