Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract During treatment with chemotherapy drugs, many cancers become resistant to the therapeutic effects of the drugs used. Various mechanisms have been proposed in relation to drug resistance. One of the most important reasons for drug resistance is the high expression of ATP-dependent membrane proteins from the large family of membrane transporters (ATP Binding Cassette ABC). From this family, the membrane transporter with a molecular weight of 170 KDa named glycoprotein P plays an important role in drug resistance. Other membrane proteins from the MRP (Multidrug Resistance Associated Protein) family are also involved in drug resistance. ABC proteins are also expressed in normal cells. The mentioned proteins are responsible for the transfer of endogenous substrates. The high expression of these proteins in cancer cells is the most important obstacle to cancer treatment. The range of clinical responses is caused by the medicinal qualities of the treatment as well as the internal and acquired molecular and physical characteristics of cancer cells and external environmental factors. The latter can be caused by several factors, such as increased DNA repair capacity, altered drug metabolism, mutated or altered drug targets, reduced drug accumulation, and inactivated cell death signals. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show drug resistance. Because transporters overexpress adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette. Through specific regulatory genes, FOXM1, a transcription factor specific for cell proliferation, controls the transition between G1/S and G2/M cell cycle phases. In addition, it is an oncogene that causes the expansion and proliferation of cancer cells. Via ABCC5 (ATP binding cassette subfamily member 5) expression, FOXM1 overexpression causes paclitaxel resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have changed the landscape of energy storage and ushered in a new era of clean, efficient and sustainable energy solutions. From powering our smartphones and laptops to fueling the transportation and renewable energy sectors, lithium-ion batteries are essential to modern life. The main goal of the innovative technology is to solve one of the old challenges of the battery industry: The erosion of liquid electrolytes. As research and innovation continue to push the boundaries of battery technology, the future holds exciting opportunities for even more efficient, safer and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions. By harnessing the potential of lithium-ion batteries, we can pave the way to a greener and more electrified future for generations to come. Additionally, this solution can improve battery safety by reducing the risk of thermal runaway – a common concern in older lithium-ion batteries. This development is in line with phenomena such as the global determination for sustainable energy solutions as well as the increasing demand for high-performance batteries.

Abstract Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative technology in drug delivery systems, offering unique properties that enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety. Their small size, high surface area, and ability to be engineered for targeted delivery enable improved solubility, controlled release, and reduced side effects of pharmaceuticals. This paper discusses various types of nanomaterials used in drug delivery, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers, highlighting their mechanisms of action and advantages over conventional delivery methods. Despite their potential, the integration of nanomaterials in clinical applications faces several challenges, including manufacturing scalability, regulatory hurdles, bio distribution unpredictability, and concerns regarding toxicity and biocompatibility. Additionally, complex interactions between nanomaterials and biological systems pose significant hurdles. The future of nanomaterials in drug delivery lies in innovative approaches, such as personalized medicine and biodegradable carriers, necessitating continued interdisciplinary research and collaboration. This review aims to provide insights into the current status and future perspectives of nanomaterials in drug delivery, emphasizing the importance of overcoming existing challenges to fully harness their potential in enhancing patient outcomes.

Abstract The development of renewable energy in Iran is of great importance due to its favorable geographical conditions and the need for sustainable energy sources, and the integration of renewable energy sources in oil and gas operations will create a sustainable future for future generations. The world is at a critical juncture where the demand for energy intersects with the urgent need to combat climate change. Traditional energy sources, dependent on fossil fuels, significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. In response, there is a paradigm shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Programming, in conjunction with technological innovations, plays a pivotal role in the use and optimization of these renewable energy solutions. The role of programming in renewable energy solutions is not just supportive but also transformative. From designing efficient systems and optimizing energy production to enabling smart grids and harnessing the power of artificial intelligence, programming is the main axis that drives the renewable energy revolution forward. As the world increasingly embraces sustainable energy sources, the challenges and opportunities for programming in this area continue to expand. By leveraging the capabilities of programming languages, frameworks, and emerging technologies, developers can help create a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. As we navigate the complexities of climate change, programming becomes an essential tool that enables us to harness the potential of renewable energy and lead the global transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy ecosystem.

Abstract Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that, according to evidence, can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) or even more severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Epidemiology A disease, whether contagious or non-contagious, may be more or less common in some areas and under some conditions among a large number of people. In other words, a disease can be more or less common. The science that studies how diseases spread and what causes them to spread is called epidemiology, which is a branch of medical science. Basically, epidemiology seeks to prevent the occurrence and spread of a disease or to control it if it does spread. Communicable diseases are a type of infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person or to humans through insects and other animals. This disease can also be transmitted by organisms in contaminated water or food that has been exposed to the environment by an infected person. For example, a sick child's cough is one way to transmit a cold or flu to others, which must be well taken care of and prevented. In general, the factors that because infectious diseases include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The signs and symptoms of infectious diseases will also vary depending on the agent causing the infection.

Abstract Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and underlying inflammation. This condition affects millions worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Traditional therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and bronchodilators, have long been the cornerstone of asthma management. These medications primarily aim to reduce inflammation and relax airway muscles, providing symptomatic relief and preventing exacerbations. However, a subset of patients with severe asthma remains inadequately controlled despite optimal conventional therapy. This unmet need has spurred the development of novel pharmacological agents targeting specific pathways involved in asthma pathophysiology. These novel drugs include biologics, small molecules, and new inhaled formulations. Biologics, such as anti-IL-5, anti-IL-4/IL-13, and anti-IgE therapies, offer targeted treatment options for patients with severe asthma by modulating specific immune responses. Small molecule drugs, like PDE4 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, provide new mechanisms to control inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Additionally, advancements in inhaler technology and formulation have led to the development of new inhaled therapies, improving drug delivery and efficacy. This review discusses these novel drugs, highlighting their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles, offering hope for better asthma management and improved patient outcomes.

Abstract Pre-participation screening and evaluation is an effective strategy for predicting and preventing injuries in athletes before participating in organized sports. Sports injuries are very difficult and dangerous experiences that athletes face during their sports activities. Even after recovery, psychological factors such as fear of movement and anxiety can affect the return to sports. The aim of the study was to compare fear of movement or re-injury and anxiety caused by pain in athletes with and without a history of musculoskeletal injuries. Another problem that leads to injury in high-level athletes, especially national and professional athletes, is overuse of the spine, various organs and joints of the body, without considering sufficient recovery time. Depletion of energy reserves and body resources from nutrients and lack of proper replacement, impaired recovery, insufficient or poor quality sleep, abuse of stimulant drugs, anabolic steroids, peptides, along with technical errors, are the main factors in the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries. Some of the equipment and techniques available in bodybuilding and functional training are used in rehabilitation and are used by sports medicine and rehabilitation specialists. Paying attention to strengthening the core muscles of the body with specific techniques and methods plays an important role in preventing spinal injuries, and specific and precise methods are used to improve the strength and fitness of these areas.