Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive and safe method to examine the internal organs of the abdomen. Some of the organs found in the abdominal region include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile ducts, spleen, and abdominal aorta. In the ultrasound method, ultrasound waves are used to examine the organs and structures of the abdomen. Unlike the X-ray device, ultrasound waves are very safe, they easily pass through the surface of the skin and reach the internal organs of the body. Research shows that ultrasound waves are not harmful even for pregnant mothers. Therefore, if you are suffering from some abdominal diseases such as fatty liver and things like this, you can diagnose your disease in the shortest possible time by using ultrasound of the liver, kidney and things like this. In addition to the organs, some blood vessels that lead to the abdominal organs can also be examined with the help of ultrasound. For example, inferior vena cava and aorta are examples of veins that cause a lot of problems for a person in case of swelling and congestion.

Abstract The surgical management of liver cancer encompasses a diverse array of techniques aimed at achieving optimal tumor resection while preserving functional liver tissue. This abstract provides an overview of the various surgical approaches employed in liver cancer surgery. Open surgery, the traditional approach, involves meticulous dissection and resection of liver tumors, offering comprehensive tumor clearance and vascular control. Minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery, provide enhanced precision and reduced postoperative morbidity. Endoscopic surgery offers a minimally invasive option for early-stage liver cancers, minimizing invasiveness and promoting rapid recovery. Specialized techniques such as cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) play a crucial role in the management of advanced or recurrent liver cancers. Advances in surgical techniques, perioperative care, and patient selection continue to improve outcomes and expand the surgical armamentarium for liver cancer treatment. This abstract highlight the evolving landscape of liver cancer surgery and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in achieving optimal outcomes for patients with liver malignancies.

Abstract Surgical management is the cornerstone of treatment for thyroid cancer, aiming to achieve complete tumor resection while preserving vital neck structures and optimizing patient outcomes. Various surgical approaches, including total thyroidectomy, central compartment lymph node dissection, and lateral neck dissection, are employed based on tumor characteristics and extent of disease. In recent years, minimally invasive techniques, such as minimally invasive thyroidectomy (MIT), robotic-assisted thyroidectomy (RAT), and endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET), have gained popularity, offering patients the benefits of reduced surgical trauma, faster recovery, and improved cosmetic outcomes compared to traditional open techniques. These minimally invasive approaches aim to achieve comparable oncological outcomes while optimizing patient experience and satisfaction. However, the selection of the most appropriate surgical approach should be individualized based on tumor characteristics, patient preferences, and surgeon expertise. Continued advancements in surgical technology and techniques are likely to further enhance the safety and efficacy of thyroid cancer surgery, providing patients with personalized treatment options and improved surgical outcomes.

Abstract Abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive and safe method to examine the internal organs of the abdomen. Some of the organs found in the abdominal region include the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile ducts, spleen, and abdominal aorta. In the ultrasound method, ultrasound waves are used to examine the organs and structures of the abdomen. Unlike the X-ray device, ultrasound waves are very safe, they easily pass through the surface of the skin and reach the internal organs of the body. Research shows that ultrasound waves are not harmful even for pregnant mothers. Therefore, if you are suffering from some abdominal diseases such as fatty liver and things like this, you can diagnose your disease in the shortest possible time by using ultrasound of the liver, kidney and things like this. In addition to the organs, some blood vessels that lead to the abdominal organs can also be examined with the help of ultrasound. For example, inferior vena cava and aorta are examples of veins that cause a lot of problems for a person in case of swelling and congestion.

Abstract Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. Due to the visibility of the skin, its cancer is easily identified and is the most successful treatment among cancers. The main cause of skin cancer is exposure to the sun and its occurrence depends on the total exposure and exposure to the sun. Sun damage is cumulative and can have severe side effects by the age of 20. The increase in skin cancer may be due to changes in people's lifestyles and a tendency to sunbathe and work out in the sun, given that environmental changes such as ozone depletion have also occurred. Different types of skin cancers have been identified depending on the type of cells involved. The three most common types are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and malignant melanoma. More than 90% of skin cancers fall into the first two categories, and after initial treatment, 95% of them are completely cured.

Abstract A client who is sitting in a chair and still has enough arm strength should be taught how to lift himself using his arms at a rate of twice an hour. The use of pressure relief mattresses may be necessary for clients with multiple pressure ulcers. If the patient is able to rotate and change position, despite the use of pressure relief devices on the mattress, he should not sleep on the wound, because these devices are compressed under the pressure of the patient's weight, so they become ineffective. If an extra mattress is used, the decompression below the pressurized area should be checked. To check for pressure relief, place your hand (palm facing up and fingers flat) below the support surface just below the pressure point. Do not bend your fingers, and with adequate support, at least one inch of non-pressurized support surface is placed between the client's hand and body. The heels should be placed above the calf using a few pillows under the calf or with pressure-reducing boots. If the patient is sitting on a chair or while moving to a chair, the seat cushions are secured with inch foam. Dedicated cushions are also available for clients using a wheelchair.

Abstract The disease of Covid-19 has increased anxiety in both the general population and the treatment staff. The attention of therapists to the factors that because anxiety can play an important role in the treatment of anxiety disorders of clients during the covid-19 pandemic. In the face of the critical situation caused by the spread of Covid-19, health care workers and hospital treatment staff, who were on the front line of fighting this disease, were directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment and care of patients with Covid-19 and were exposed to the risks of Some of them are especially psychologically distressing. For most service providers, many issues are stressful during times of crisis. Among them: the risk of disease, high work pressure, seeing the suffering and pain of patients and their families, separation from family, difficult decisions in life and death situations and providing support in medical care. In many researches, psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder have been reported in healthcare workers. In addition, female nurses and health care workers who are dealing with patients with covid-19 face a higher risk of depression, anxiety and increased distress than male nurses do. Medical staff, especially nurses who deal with the disease of Covid-19, or are exposed to patients with this disease, may experience suicidal thoughts. In Rogers et al.'s research, the prevalence of suicidal thoughts in hospital staff was reported from 2.4% to 13.9% during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Abstract A chest CT or X-ray cannot accurately distinguish between the Corona virus and other respiratory infections such as seasonal flu. Unlike PCR tests that lead to specific diagnoses of Corona virus, imaging findings are not specific enough to confirm Corona virus. They can only point to signs of infection. These symptoms can be due to other causes, including the seasonal flu, which is very common at certain times of the year. A significant percentage of patients with Corona have a normal chest CT or X-ray. For these patients, a normal imaging result can falsely convince them that they are healthy. If they believe they are healthy, they are at greater risk of spreading the virus to others. Since the Corona virus is highly contagious, the use of imaging equipment in these patients is a serious risk for health facilities and other patients. CT scanners are machines consisting of large and complex parts that must be thoroughly disinfected between each possible Corona patient. But even with thorough cleaning, there is a risk that the virus will remain on a surface in the CT scanner room. Also, moving these patients between wards and the CT scan department increases the risk of spreading the virus within healthcare facilities, which means fewer CT scanners for other vulnerable patients who need this imaging test will be available.

Abstract In the present study, the prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with chronic diseases and the factors influencing it have been investigated. The prevalence of anxiety disorders is higher than other psychiatric disorders. 7.3% prevalence of this disorder in the United States of America has been higher than ever before. Its lifetime prevalence also reaches 14.6%. Almost all anxiety disorders are more prevalent among women and lower economic and social groups. Anxiety disorders are one of the most common classes of mental disorders. At the same time, in the national study of the United States of America, it has been reported that one out of every 4 people meets the diagnostic criteria of anxiety disorder and the 12-month prevalence of these disorders is 17.7%. Women are more likely to have an anxiety disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 19.2%. In order to determine the extent of the many aspects of anxiety, surveys of the general population indicate that more than one-third of adults suffer from a nervous disorder, especially anxiety. Regarding anxiety, by reviewing 22 studies conducted in this field, Max and Leader have estimated that approximately 3% of the general population suffers from anxiety. Cooper in 1969 reports that 27% of patients who present to their general practitioners with psychiatric symptoms are in a state of anxiety. 13% of children between 9 and 17 years old have anxiety. This classification includes a set of diseases such as obsession and fear of being in public.

Abstract Nano systems synthesized from organic and inorganic materials have attracted a lot of attention for biomedical applications. These applications can be in the fields of biosensors, manufacturing imaging systems, synthesis of drug carriers and targeted drug delivery. The use of particles for drug delivery was first popularized by using diagnostic drugs in reticuloendothelial systems (liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes) and caused the increasing expansion of micro particle systems. Increasing the dissolution of drugs by reducing the particle size is one of the most important goals of using these particles. However, the use of micro particles has many other advantages. The results of the present study showed that by reducing the particle size of drugs, their shelf life in the body is increased. Because the particles are less accessible to the elimination systems of the body, such as kidney, liver, etc., and as a result, the possibility of removing them from the body decreases. For this reason, the shelf life of medicines in the body increases and the number of times the medicine is used decreases. Also, with this method, in addition to the lower cost that the patient pays due to reducing the frequency of drug use, the side effects of the drug also appear less in the patient. Consuming regimens lead to more patients. Over many years, the use of micro particles became very popular and was able to make valuable progress in the field of drug therapy, but micro-scale materials often show the same physical characteristics as bulk and macromolecules. In addition, the results showed that for more access to the cells and drug delivery to them, the drug carrier should be in the dimensions of the cells themselves and their internal organs.

Abstract During the last two decades, research on nanoparticles and their application in various fields has been developed. Nanoparticles have exceptional electronic, catalytic, optical, magnetic, and other physical and chemical properties that are completely different from the mass of matter. Unfortunately, many organic solvents used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, such as thiophenol, mercaptoacetate, etc., are toxic enough to lead to environmental pollution in the synthesis of nanoparticles on a large scale. Although gold nanoparticles are considered biocompatible, using a chemical method to produce them can lead to the absorption of chemical substances on the nanoparticle and cause side effects in medical applications. The synthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms or plants can potentially be useful for making compatible bio-nanoparticles in order to solve this important defect. The use of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles makes the synthesis process easier and its progress faster. In fact, with the extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles, there is no need to cultivate and maintain cells for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The use of plant extracts in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially gold, is very promising, and so far, the synthesis of nanoparticles has been done using different plants such as cinnamon, eucalyptus black tea, and sweet root.

Abstract Based on an old definition, steels are alloys of iron and carbon in which the amount of carbon varies up to 1.7% and elements such as manganese, silicon in amounts less than 1% and phosphorus and sulfur in small amounts as well as elements Like chromium, nickel and molybdenum exist as alloying elements. Having high strength and good flexibility distinguishes steels from other alloys and non-metallic materials, and steels are very resistant to variable actions and impacts. Their tensile strength varies from 400 to 2000. Simple carbon steels are steeling whose alloy percentage is very small. These types of steels have the highest amount of consumption in all types of steels. These steels are divided into three categories, which are explained in the next sheet. Due to the wide use of iron alloys such as cast iron and steel in the industry, we can understand the importance of this goal in human life. Iron, which is a very soft and flexible element in its pure form, is found in nature as iron ore, which is hard and brittle. The tendency of iron to combine with other elements, especially carbon, which has a great effect on its hardness, brittleness and brittleness.

Abstract In the present study, the chemical mechanisms of CO2 absorption and conversion have been investigated. Today, it is widely assessed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the most challenging environmental issues and carbon dioxide is the largest source of human GHG. Greenhouse gas emissions have increased dramatically since the beginning of the industrial era until 2018: In 2018, average CO2 concentrations were about 40% higher than in the mid-19th century, with an average growth of 2 ppm per year in the last 10 years 2 and even 3 ppm per year since 2015. Among human activities producing greenhouse gases, the combustion of fuels for electricity and heat is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions, accounting for more than 42% of human CO2 emissions, where 43% and 26% of these gases are respectively industrial and residential needs are allocated. Apart from energy production, direct emission of CO2 caused by vehicle transportation (23%) and industrial processes (19%) are the main factors of CO2 emission caused by human activities. In addition, global energy demand is expected to increase over the years and even double by 2050. As a result, the combination of the two units leads to a single linked unit, especially in the case of the reuse of heat provided by the exothermic reactions of methanol for the regeneration of the CO2 storage solvent. An economic evaluation is proposed to estimate the operating and investment costs as well as the net present value, which shows that the economic feasibility strongly depends on the costs of electricity and H2 production. A life cycle analysis method is finally performed to identify key environmental points. The original process design offers significant reductions in greenhouse gases (in addition to other groups) compared to conventional fossil production of natural gas.

Abstract Background: Cleft palate repair is a critical surgical procedure aimed at restoring normal function and aesthetics in affected patients. However, postoperative complications, particularly fistula formation, remain a significant concern. This study investigates the efficacy of phenytoin spray in preventing fistula formation following cleft palate repair. Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted, comparing the incidence of fistula formation in patients treated with phenytoin spray versus control groups. Data were extracted and analyzed to assess the overall effectiveness of phenytoin spray in minimizing postoperative complications. Results: The application of phenytoin spray resulted in a significant reduction in fistula formation rates, decreasing from 11.2% in the control group to 3.4% in the phenytoin group (p = 0.034). This suggests that early postoperative administration of phenytoin may enhance tissue healing and improve surgical outcomes. Conclusion: Phenytoin spray appears to be an effective adjunctive treatment for reducing fistula formation after cleft palate surgery. Given its ease of application and cost-effectiveness, it may be a valuable addition to standard postoperative care protocols in pediatric surgical practice.

Abstract Background: Scaphoid nonunion, particularly in cases complicated by avascular necrosis (AVN) of the scaphoid, presents a significant challenge in orthopedic practice. The Mathoulin surgical technique offers a potential solution for these complex cases by addressing both the nonunion and the underlying AVN. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Mathoulin technique in treating scaphoid waist nonunions associated with AVN, focusing on functional outcomes, pain relief, and radiographic evidence of healing. Methods: A cohort of patients diagnosed with scaphoid waist nonunion and AVN underwent the Mathoulin surgical procedure. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included functional evaluations using the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) score, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain assessment, and radiographic analyses to assess union status. Data were collected at baseline and at regular follow-up intervals, typically at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively.

Results: Preliminary findings indicated a significant improvement in functional scores and pain reduction post-surgery. Radiographic evaluations revealed a high rate of union among the treated scaphoids, with most patients achieving solid union by the 3-month follow-up. Complications were minimal, with a small percentage of patients experiencing transient stiffness. Conclusion: The Mathoulin surgical technique appears to be an effective intervention for treating scaphoid waist nonunions complicated by AVN. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are warranted to validate these findings and establish long-term outcomes.

Abstract Background: The rising incidence of obesity in pediatric populations presents unique challenges in managing postoperative pain, particularly in orthopedic surgeries. Understanding how obesity influences pain perception and opioid requirements is crucial for optimizing pain management strategies.

Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, enrolling 175 pediatric patients scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery. Patients were classified into obese and non-obese groups based on their body mass index (BMI). Postoperative pain intensity was measured using a validated numerical rating scale, and opioid requirements were documented over the first 48 hours following surgery. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression models, were utilized to assess associations among the variables.

Results: Obese patients demonstrated significantly higher pain scores and greater opioid consumption compared to non-obese counterparts (p < 0.01). A strong positive correlation was identified between pain intensity and opioid use (r = 0.68, p < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that obesity serves as an independent predictor of increased pain intensity and opioid requirement.

Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need for individualized pain management approaches for obese pediatric patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Clinicians should consider obesity a critical factor in postoperative pain assessment and opioid therapy. Future research should focus on developing multimodal analgesic strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce the potential for opioid-related complications.

Abstract Background: Antibiotic resistance is a critical concern in healthcare, particularly among hospitalized patients in neurology departments. This study investigates the resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from blood, urine, and respiratory secretions of hospitalized patients to inform better treatment protocols.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted involving 100 hospitalized patients in neurology departments. Samples from blood, urine, and respiratory secretions were collected and analyzed for bacterial culture and susceptibility testing using standard microbiological methods. Data on demographic and clinical variables were also collected.

Results: A total of 150 bacterial isolates were identified, with Escherichia coli (40%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (30%) being the most prevalent. Notably, 85% of E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin, while 60% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Blood isolates displayed the highest resistance rates, emphasizing the need for targeted treatment in this vulnerable population.

Conclusion: The study highlights significant antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates in neurology patients, necessitating enhanced antimicrobial stewardship and continuous monitoring of resistance patterns. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring antibiotic therapy based on local resistance profiles to improve patient outcomes.

Abstract Background: Seizures are a significant yet often overlooked complication in cancer patients, influenced by the tumor itself, treatment modalities, and individual patient factors. This review aims to explore the intricate relationship between seizures, cancer, and chemotherapy effects, focusing on risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and current therapeutic approaches. Methods: A comprehensive literature review conducted, encompassing studies on the incidence of seizures in various cancer types, the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and the multifactorial risk factors contributing to seizure development. Additionally, therapeutic strategies and the implications of palliative care in managing seizures evaluated. Results: The incidence of seizures in cancer patients varies significantly depending on tumor location, type, and treatment regimens. Chemotherapeutic agents have shown to exert neurotoxic effects, contributing to seizure activity. Identifying specific risk factors such as age, pre-existing neurological conditions, and type of cancer is crucial for early intervention. Current therapeutic approaches primarily involve the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), although challenges persist due to drug interactions and the side effects of cancer treatments. Conclusion: There is a critical need for further research to better understand the mechanisms underlying seizures in cancer patients and to develop targeted management strategies. A multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, neurologists, and researchers is essential for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Enhanced understanding and collaboration will facilitate the development of evidence-based guidelines to address the complex needs of this population.

Abstract Gum has been used to clean the mouth and refresh the breath for millennia. The first medicinal chewing gum was presented to the market in 1928. The European Pharmacopoeia classified medicated chewing gum's intended use as local therapy of oral illnesses or systemic administration following absorption through the buccal mucosa or gastrointestinal tract in 1991. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa live in the mouth cavity, which is home to a complex microbiota. Sugar-free gum (SFG) chewing might be a low-cost complement to existing caries prevention methods for 532 million youngsters. The current review highlighted the chewing gum effects on oral health.

Abstract The excessive use of fossil fuels to carry out industrial activities by humans has led to the excessive emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. According to the latest reports, the concentration of carbon dioxide has exceeded 400 ppm. A concentration of 400 ppm means that for every one million particles of air, there are 400 particles of carbon dioxide molecules (0.04%). This extremely high concentration of CO2 has led to global warming and many negative consequences for the Earth's climate system, but despite the harm and dangers caused by carbon dioxide, this gas can be a useful source of carbon for the synthesis of valuable chemicals and fuels. Therefore, a team of researchers recently selected a highly efficient and stable copper-based catalyst (DFNS/TiO2-Cu) to convert CO2 to CO. In addition to providing researchers with information on the regulation of strong metal interactions, this study shows that this catalyst can remain stable for more than 200 hours. There are many reports of noble metal catalysts, but their application is limited due to the moderate catalytic performance and high cost of these metals. In the family of non-noble metal catalysts, copper-based catalysts are among the most widely used catalysts that have a good capacity to perform industrial processes, but unfortunately, the low Tamman temperature of copper limits its activity and long-term stability. As a result of the research, scientists introduced a catalyst with active copper sites on titanium oxide-coated Nano fibrous silica (DFNS/TiO2-Cu) to convert CO2 to CO.

Abstract Some changes in soft tissues caused by inflammation or injury and create a lump similar to a soft tissue tumor. Unlike a true tumor, they do not originate from an abnormal cell, have limited ability to grow or spread to nearby tissues, and never spread to other parts of the body. Nodular fasciitis and myositis ossificans are 2 examples. They affect subcutaneous tissue and muscle tissue respectively. According to the research team, the findings add to a growing body of evidence that AI-based approaches can enhance doctors' ability to effectively and accurately assess cancers, including identifying patients who may not respond well to standard cancer treatments: "If further validated and widely applied, our approach and similar approaches could identify early cancer patients who may benefit from experimental therapies targeting specific molecular alterations, a capability that is uniformly used worldwide in not available."Brain metastases are a type of cancerous tumor that occur when primary cancers in the lungs, breast, colon, or other parts of the body spread to the brain through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. While there are several treatment options, stereotactic radiotherapy is one of the most common treatment methods, which involves focused doses of radiation to the tumor area. The findings suggest that artificial intelligence is a potentially important tool in the precise management of brain metastasis and even other types of cancer. Medical image processing considered one of the most challenging and at the same time the most necessary areas in today's research. MRI image processing is one of the parts of this field of work.

Abstract Conventional radiography (X-ray) can provide useful information to doctors in the diagnosis of heart disease. At the beginning, for the initial diagnosis and to find out the basic information about heart problems, doctors must take a radiology picture of the chest for the patients. It is the so-called medical chest radiology (CHEST X-RAY). Chest X-ray image to observe and examine the heart and blood vessels that enter and exit the heart. It provides the size and shape of the heart, the location of blood vessels and the diagnosis of problems such as the thickness of the heart wall, the presence of sodium in the blood vessels of the heart, and problems such as swelling of the lungs and blockage of the pulmonary vessels. In some patients, heart problems increase with age. Also, because the muscles of the body weaken with age, elderly people may lose their balance and may fall down and possibly fracture their pelvis. Medical Home has expert experts to perform radiology on your patient at home. One of the radiology methods used in the diagnosis of heart diseases is CT scan. This method provides the possibility of cross-sectional imaging of the internal structures of the heart and its vessels. CT scan of the heart is done through the use of X-rays and advanced computers and it displays accurate 3D images of the heart and blood vessels. CT scan of the heart is able to accurately detect blockages in the heart vessels. With the three-dimensional and accurate images obtained from the heart vessels, doctors are able to investigate the location and severity of blockages. Also, check the size and map of blood flow in the heart vessels and make appropriate treatment decisions.

Abstract CT scan of the heart allows the doctor to show a detailed view of the internal structure of the heart, which includes the shape and size of the walls, valves, muscles and other parts of the heart. This information is very useful for diagnosing structural heart diseases such as cracks, manufacturing defects, and tumors. A CT scan of the heart can also image the Coronary arteries (the arteries that supply blood to the heart). This method allows doctors to check whether patients' Coronary arteries are narrowed or narrowed, which can explain symptoms such as chest pain and heart failure. CT scan of the heart with high accuracy and the ability to display cardiac structures and vessels accurately helps doctors to provide correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment in heart patients. MRI (MRI) is a medical imaging that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the inside of the patient's body. These images may help cardiologists diagnose heart disease. MRI is able to create an image of the heart and blood vessels of the patient's body and help cardiologists to diagnose diseases such as: Blockage of blood vessels, diseases including Coronary arteries, congenital heart diseases and heart valves.

Abstract Radiofrequency (RF) is a low-risk treatment method. In this method, liver, lung, bone, breast, etc. tumors can be destroyed using radio waves. In fact, the high temperature caused by these waves causes the destruction of cancer cells in the target organ. RF is performed under the guidance of imaging devices without the need for hospitalization and anesthesia. This treatment method is especially suitable for patients who are unable to undergo surgery due to general conditions or tumor location. Embolization or embolotherapy is a semi-invasive method to block blood vessels. This method is used to stop or prevent bleeding. Disabling structures such as tumors is also one of the uses of embolization, which is done by reducing blood supply to the tissue. In this method, objects or materials are introduced into the blood supply system under the guidance of imaging devices to block the desired vessel. These objects and materials include items such as coils, ethanol, microspheres such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gelatin sponges, etc. Embolization plays a role in the treatment of diseases such as aneurysms, vascular anomalies, lymphatic malformation (VM), hemangioma, pulmonary artery fistulas (AVFs) and arteriovenous malformation (AVMs) and bleeding caused by trauma.

Abstract In X-ray (radiography), radiation is used to produce a 2-dimensional image. Usually in hospitals using fixed equipment by radiographers, they can also be done in portable devices. In CT scanning, a computer is used to merge 2-D X-ray images and convert them into a 3-D image. They require highly specialized equipment and are performed by a radiographer in a hospital. In ultrasound scans, high-frequency sound waves are used to produce images. These can be done in hospitals or other medical facilities such as a doctor's office. Recent research has shown that the sensitivity of CT scan to detect the Covid-19 infection is 98%. While the sensitivity of the RT-PCR method is 71%. In a study published in the radiology journal, CT scan of the chest was performed in addition to laboratory tests on more than 1000 patients to diagnose Corona disease. The results of this research indicated that CT scan should be used as a primary screening tool for the Corona virus. In general, in connection with diseases for which there is no specific medicine or vaccine, such as the infection caused by the virus that causes the Corona disease, it is necessary and vital to diagnose the disease in the early stages and quickly separate the infected person from the healthy population.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of shear wave elastography (SWE) in detecting granulomatous mastitis (GM) and to determine its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in comparison with histopathological findings.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients diagnosed with GM were included in this prospective study conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Each patient underwent SWE imaging, and the results were compared with histopathological diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Additionally, the optimal SWE stiffness threshold for GM diagnosis was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results: SWE demonstrated a sensitivity of 82.5% and specificity of 78.3%, with a PPV of 85.6% and NPV of 72.3%. The optimal stiffness threshold for GM diagnosis was identified as 42.5 kPa, yielding a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 75%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.87, indicating excellent diagnostic performance.

Conclusion: Shear wave elastography is a reliable, non-invasive imaging modality for diagnosing granulomatous mastitis. Its high sensitivity and specificity make it a promising tool for differentiating GM from other breast conditions, potentially reducing the need for invasive procedures like biopsy. Further research with larger sample sizes is necessary to validate these findings and establish SWE as a standard diagnostic tool in clinical practice.

Abstract Introduction: Understanding the structural development of the fetal brain, particularly the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), anterior interhemispheric fissure (IHF), anterior horns of the lateral ventricles, and genu of the corpus callosum, is essential for detecting early neurological abnormalities. This study aimed to characterize these structures' morphology, position, and dimensions across various gestational ages.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on fetal brain ultrasound images obtained from healthy pregnancies. Measurements focused on CSP dimensions, IHF alignment, and anterior ventricular horns' shape. Data were analyzed to assess midline positioning, symmetry, and potential gender differences in CSP morphology and dimensions.

Results: The IHF and CSP consistently aligned with the midline across all gestational ages, without lateral deviations. CSP appeared anechoic in all cases, with two primary morphologies identified: rectangular and triangular, the former being more common. Anterior ventricular horns showed a symmetrical, comma-shaped appearance. No significant association was found between fetal gender and CSP dimensions or morphology.

Conclusion: This study highlights the midline alignment and structural symmetry of key fetal brain features, providing baseline data for normative development. Deviations from these findings may signal potential developmental concerns. These results contribute to a foundation for early detection of neurological anomalies in the fetal period.

Abstract Background: Magnesium is a vital intracellular ion, with abnormalities in its levels linked to severe complications across various organ systems. Hypomagnesemia is observed in 7-11% of ICU patients. This study investigates the association between hypomagnesemia and mortality rates in critically ill patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 80 critically ill patients admitted to the ICU at Sina and Al-Zahra hospitals, Tabriz. Serum magnesium levels were measured, and patient outcomes were analyzed based on SOFA, APACHE, and NUTRIC scores, ICU length of stay, mechanical ventilation needs, and 28-day mortality.

Results: A significant association was observed between low magnesium levels and poor outcomes. Patients with serum magnesium levels below 1.7 mg/dL had higher mortality rates, longer ICU stays, and increased mechanical ventilation requirements. Higher SOFA, APACHE, and NUTRIC scores were linked to lower magnesium levels, and patients with SOFA scores above 8.5 had an increased risk of mortality during hospitalization. Magnesium levels above 1.7 mg/dL correlated with better outcomes and shorter ICU stays.

Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is associated with increased ICU mortality and adverse outcomes, highlighting the need for magnesium monitoring in critically ill patients. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended to better understand magnesium’s role in ICU patient management.

Abstract Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and serious complication among patients in intensive care units (ICUs), associated with increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and high healthcare costs. Nurses play a vital role in preventing VAP by adhering to evidence-based guidelines. This study aimed to assess the effect of clinical guideline-based education on ICU nurses' practice in preventing VAP at Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, University of Medical Sciences.

Material and Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 120 ICU nurses at Imam Reza Hospital. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: an intervention group (n = 60) receiving clinical guideline-based education and a control group (n = 60) receiving routine training. The educational intervention included workshops, simulation exercises, and the distribution of guidelines. Data were collected using a pre- and post-intervention questionnaire to assess adherence to VAP prevention practices and the incidence of VAP. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests and chi-square tests, with a p-value < 0.05 considered significant.

Results: There was a significant improvement in adherence to VAP prevention practices in the intervention group (p < 0.001) compared to the control group (p = 0.398). The incidence of VAP decreased significantly in the intervention group from 15% at baseline to 3.3% post-intervention (p = 0.021), while no significant change was observed in the control group (p = 0.564). The difference between the two groups in VAP incidence was statistically significant (p = 0.009).

Conclusion: Clinical guideline-based education significantly improved ICU nurses' adherence to VAP prevention practices and led to a notable reduction in VAP incidence. These results highlight the effectiveness of structured, evidence-based educational interventions in improving nursing practice and enhancing patient outcomes in critical care settings.