Eurasian Journal of Chemical, Medicinal and Petroleum Research

Abstract Introduction: Over the past few decades, advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have led to improvements in the prognosis of thoracic esophageal perforation. However, the optimal treatment approach remains controversial, with various surgical techniques available and differing outcomes reported in the literature

Material and Methods: Data collection was conducted by reviewing electronic medical records, surgical databases, and pathology reports to extract relevant information on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, preoperative evaluations, surgical techniques, intraoperative findings, postoperative outcomes, and long-term prognosis. Data on surgical techniques utilized in the treatment of thoracic esophageal perforation were meticulously documented.

Results: Surgical management was performed in all 80 patients, with various surgical techniques employed based on the extent and severity of esophageal injury. Primary repair of the esophageal perforation was performed in 45 patients (56.3%), esophageal diversion with cervical esophagostomy in 25 patients (31.3%), and esophagectomy with reconstruction in 10 patients (12.5%). The choice of surgical technique was guided by the surgeon's preference, extent of esophageal injury, and presence of associated comorbidities.

Conclusion: Our study provides valuable insights into the seven-year prognosis and outcomes of surgical techniques used in the treatment of thoracic esophageal perforation. Despite the challenges associated with surgical management, including perioperative complications and mortality, surgical intervention remains essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing long-term morbidity.

Abstract Nowadays, the activities of construction workshops are increasing day by day. The existence of various risks and harmful factors in these workshops has turned this industry into one of the most dangerous industries in the world. Given that the construction industry relies on human power by nature, and a healthy human being is considered the basic pillar of sustainable development. The purpose of this research was the role of construction plan in sustainable urban development with emphasis on safety indicators and natural risks of the city. In order to collect data, a questionnaire on the role of construction plans in sustainable urban development was used. The statistical population included municipal managers, supervisors of urban projects and urban affairs experts in 2021, and 384 people were selected based on Cochran's sampling method. The results have shown that in examining the impact of the type and quality of materials in construction related to the observance of sustainable urban development criteria, factors such as the level of attention to sound insulation in sustainable urban development, attention to green architecture as one of the components of sustainable urban development and the type and the quality of materials in construction has been prioritized. In examining the impact of using people without technical qualifications in terms of safety on sustainable urban development, factors such as the use of people with technical qualifications in the field of construction, the use of people with skills and experience, and local people according to the climatic conditions of the region have been prioritized.

Abstract Abdominoplasty, commonly known as a "tummy tuck," is a widely sought-after cosmetic surgery aimed at enhancing the abdominal contour by removing excess skin and fat, and tightening the underlying muscles. The evolution of abdominoplasty techniques has led to a variety of approaches tailored to meet diverse patient needs and goals. Key techniques include the full abdominoplasty, which addresses significant skin and muscle laxity; the mini abdominoplasty, suited for patients with minimal excess skin below the navel; the extended abdominoplasty, which also targets the flanks and lower back; and the circumferential abdominoplasty, ideal for massive weight loss patients requiring comprehensive body contouring. Combining liposuction with abdominoplasty has become popular for refining results and achieving a more sculpted appearance. Advances such as progressive tension sutures and laser-assisted liposuction have further improved outcomes by minimizing complications and enhancing skin tightening. The selection of technique is based on a thorough preoperative assessment, ensuring personalized surgical plans that align with patient expectations. Effective postoperative care, including pain management and supportive garments, is crucial for optimal recovery and results. As abdominoplasty techniques continue to advance, they offer significant improvements in both aesthetic appearance and patient satisfaction, contributing to enhanced overall well-being.

Abstract Introduction: Elucidating the relationship between Escherichia coli and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery represents a crucial step towards improving our understanding of the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and colorectal cancer. By unraveling the role of E. coli in shaping postoperative outcomes, we may uncover novel avenues for personalized therapeutic interventions aimed at optimizing surgical management and enhancing the long-term prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Material and methods: Stool samples were collected from all patients within 24 hours prior to surgery and subjected to microbiological analysis to detect the presence of Escherichia coli. Standard laboratory techniques, including culture-based methods and biochemical assays, were employed to identify and characterize E. coli isolates. Virulence factors, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and phylogenetic typing of E. coli strains were determined using molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing.

Results: Escherichia coli was identified in 40% of patients, with a median log10 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of stool of 7. Among the E. coli isolates, 30% were found to possess virulence factors such as adhesins, toxins, and invasins. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed 25% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, while 15% exhibited multidrug resistance

Conclusion: In conclusion, our cross-sectional study provides compelling evidence of the relationship between Escherichia coli colonization and adverse outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery. Patients colonized with E. coli were found to have a higher incidence of postoperative complications, SSI, anastomotic leaks, prolonged LOS, and increased 30-day mortality compared to non-colonized patients.

Abstract Introduction: this study will investigate the relationship between CRP levels and lower limb swelling in patients with lower limb fractures, aiming to provide valuable insights into the inflammatory dynamics associated with such injuries.

Material and Methods: Blood samples were collected from each participant within 24 hours of admission. Serum CRP levels were measured using a high-sensitivity CRP assay (hs-CRP) performed in the hospital’s central laboratory. The results were expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L).

Results: The relationship between CRP levels and lower limb swelling was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results indicate a significant positive correlation between CRP levels and the degree of swelling (r = 0.76, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: this study demonstrates a significant relationship between CRP levels and lower limb swelling in patients with lower limb fractures. Elevated CRP levels are associated with greater swelling, highlighting the potential of CRP as a biomarker for assessing and managing post-fracture inflammation.

Abstract Liposuction, a cornerstone of body-contouring surgery, encompasses a multifaceted approach integrating key concepts, safety protocols, and advanced techniques. This abstract delves into the holistic landscape of liposuction, addressing its conceptual framework, safety considerations, and evolving techniques. Central to liposuction is the selective removal of localized fat deposits, tailored to individual patient anatomy and aesthetic goals. Safety protocols, including meticulous preoperative assessment and intraoperative techniques, are paramount in minimizing risks and ensuring optimal outcomes. The evolution of liposuction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL), laser-assisted liposuction (LAL), and power-assisted liposuction (PAL), has revolutionized the field, offering enhanced precision, reduced downtime, and improved patient satisfaction. As liposuction continues to evolve, the integration of innovative technologies and patient-centered approaches underscores its enduring significance in achieving harmonious body contours and empowering patients to embrace their desired aesthetic transformations.

Abstract This study deals with the role of planning in the sustainable development of urban space. The concept of sustainable development is an important change in the understanding of the relationship between humans, nature, and each other. This issue is in conflict with the view of the past two centuries; A point of view that is based on the separation of environmental, social and economic issues. It can be said that the sustainable development of sustainable architecture aims to protect the environment by changing the approach towards nature, but the proposed solutions, which are manifested in the built environment today, are a kind of discrete treatment separated from nature, only for its preservation. Future generations will pay attention. Sustainable urban development is a form of reflection of today's development that guarantees the continuous development of cities and urban communities for future generations. The aggravation of environmental problems, the emergence and emergence of economic crises, social adversities and inequalities, the explanation of the direct relationship between the city form and sustainable development, and the need to design an appropriate management mechanism within the framework of sustainable urban management as effective historical roots in the formation and development of the theory of sustainable urban development by urban issues experts encouraged them to propose practical solutions and specific implementation measures in order to achieve sustainable cities. The studies conducted in the field of industrial accidents have shown that the human factor plays the most important and main role in the occurrence of accidents. So that 60-90% of accidents occur as a direct result of human errors and mistakes. Human error, as one of the most important types of unsafe behavior, is an inappropriate decision or behavior that can not only reduce the effectiveness, safety or performance of the system, but also cause personal.

Abstract Colorectal cancer surgery approaches have evolved significantly over the years, with a focus on achieving optimal oncologic outcomes while minimizing postoperative morbidity and preserving quality of life. Traditional open surgery, once the mainstay of treatment, has been supplemented and often replaced by minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy and robotic-assisted surgery. These approaches offer advantages such as reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times compared to open surgery. Furthermore, sphincter-sparing techniques aim to preserve anal function and avoid permanent colostomy whenever feasible, improving patients' postoperative quality of life. However, the selection of the most appropriate surgical approach depends on various factors including tumor characteristics, patient anatomy, and surgeon expertise. This abstract provides a concise overview of the evolving landscape of colorectal cancer surgery, highlighting the importance of personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual patient needs.

Abstract In recent years, the use of electromagnetic waves in human life has increased dramatically. According to statistics in 2012, there are more than four billion mobile phone subscribers. Therefore, there is an essential need to conduct extensive research in order to investigate and evaluate the biological effects of electromagnetic waves. Protecting humans and the environment against the harmful effects of radioactive materials and radiation devices through the establishment of relevant laws and regulations, as well as control and monitoring of their compliance, is called the science of health physics. Radiation protection is actually a profession that protects humans, the environment, and future generations from the biological effects of radiation based on the scientific principles formulated in the science of health physics. Despite the fact that the use of ionizing radiation is very useful and sometimes unique in various matters, failure to observe safety precautions can cause serious risks for employees, people, the environment, and even future generations. The potential dangers of such rays were discovered immediately after the discovery of radioactive materials more than a hundred years ago. With the progress in identifying hazards and the ability to measure ionizing radiation, relevant guidelines regarding protective measures have been expanded and developed. In general, the goal of radiation protection is to use the benefits of using radiation in various fields and reduce as much as possible the risks caused by its effects on employees, people, the environment, and future generations.

Abstract Today, one of the most important problems in the field of oil and gas studies is the real prediction of the amount of hydrocarbon in situ in the reservoirs. Accurate calculation of hydrocarbon in the reservoir requires the determination of water saturation and resistivity of the formation. As a result, providing a way to bring the values of the basic parameters of water saturation closer to reality is of particular importance. Since there is no simple relationship between porosity, permeability and electrical resistivity in the rocks of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, therefore, in order to improve the relationship between petro physical parameters of the reservoir, the carbonate reservoir plug samples were classified and evaluated using hydraulic flow units. In this study, by measuring the electrical resistivity of plug plugs from each unit of hydraulic flow, improving the relationship between the resistivity of the formation with porosity and permeability has been shown. Using this classification, the values of the coefficients determined for calculating water saturation are closer to reality.

Abstract Water saturation evaluation has a direct effect on estimating hydrocarbon reserves in reservoirs, and inaccuracy in its values would affect the economics of field management and development plans. in shaly reservoirs it is a difficult task due to heterogeneity nature of shale and the way the shale distributed in reservoirs. So many scientists proposed models to determine water saturation from well logs in shaly sandstone reservoirs. The scope of this petrophysical study is to use five most commonly applied water saturation models (Archie’s equation, Indonesian model, Simandoux, Fertl model, Schlumberger model) to estimate water saturation. Comparative analysis of water saturation calculated from the models and Geolog software was carried out with the aim to determine the most suitable water saturation model, alternative to Geolog software for fast calculation of water saturation in the studied area. The results show that the Fertl model is more consistent with the output of Geolog software and is able to predict water saturation with the least error compared to other methods. This work also clearly shows that the water saturation value was strongly sensitive for input parameter in low porosity and low log resistivity zone.

Abstract E-learning has revolutionized medical education by offering flexible, accessible, and innovative learning opportunities tailored to the needs of modern healthcare learners. This abstract explores the transformative impact of e-learning on medical students, highlighting its ability to transcend geographical boundaries and time constraints. E-learning platforms incorporate multimedia resources, virtual simulations, and interactive modules to enhance understanding and retention of complex medical concepts. The integration of adaptive learning technologies personalizes educational experiences, catering to individual learning styles and promoting self-directed learning. Despite its benefits, challenges such as technological barriers, maintaining practical training quality, and ensuring engagement and motivation remain pertinent. Addressing these challenges requires continuous investment in infrastructure, faculty development, and support systems. Ultimately, e-learning in medical education stands poised to nurture competent, adaptable healthcare professionals equipped to meet the evolving demands of global healthcare delivery.

Abstract Anal cancer surgery encompasses various approaches aimed at removing tumors while preserving anal function and optimizing oncologic outcomes. This abstract explores the types of surgery available for anal cancer, including wide local excision, abdominoperineal resection (APR), and sphincter-sparing techniques. Wide local excision involves removing the tumor along with a margin of surrounding healthy tissue, typically through the anus or perineum, while APR entails removing the anus, rectum, and part of the colon, often resulting in permanent colostomy. Sphincter-sparing techniques aim to preserve anal function by selectively removing the tumor while sparing the anal sphincter complex and surrounding tissues. These techniques include local excision, trans anal resection, and intersphincteric resection, which offer the potential to avoid permanent colostomy while achieving oncologic clearance. By understanding the types of surgery available for anal cancer and their respective benefits and considerations, clinicians can tailor treatment plans to individual patients' needs and preferences, ultimately improving outcomes and quality of life.

Abstract Introduction: Vitamin D can play an important role in regulating the body's immune system, and recent studies have suggested a relationship between vitamin D serum levels and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. The present study is a systematic review regarding the relationship between vitamin D and short chain fatty acid in serum plasma with protein recombination in VDR in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methodology: Several epidemiological, immunological, and genetic studies have reported the association between low vitamin D levels, measured as low blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and pre- and post-disease MS. Therefore, people with MS were screened for vitamin D deficiency, and vitamin D supplements were given along with immunomodulatory therapy. It is unclear whether vitamin D supplementation improves relevant clinical outcomes (recurrence, worsening of disability) or reduces the number of lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Conclusion: It seems that the use of vitamin D supplements in people with MS has no effect on relevant clinical outcomes or new lesions observed on MRI. Vitamin D supplementation appears to be safe at the doses and durations used in the trials, although available data are limited. Seven trials are ongoing; They will likely provide more evidence for future updates to this review.

Abstract Proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by many transcription factors, including transcription factors from the family of Helix-Loop-Helix proteins, Zinc Finger proteins, Lucine Zipper proteins, and Runt domain-containing proteins. Also, proto-oncogenes such as C-myc, C-jun and C-fos are controlled and regulated. Two transcription factors specific to the osteoblastic lineage include RUNX2 and OSTERIX (SP7). These transcription factors transcribe osteoblast-specific genes including osteocalcin, osteopontin, collagen type IαI and bone sialoprotein. Other transcription factors involved in osteoblastic differentiation include TWIST1, ZBTB16, DLX5, MSX2, FRA1, DLX3, ATF4, and C/EBP. The role of methylation changes in the promoter region of most of these genes as well as their expression pattern in the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells has been identified and indicates the changes in the methylation pattern of the promoter region of specific genes of the osteoblast lineage during the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. At the same time, the information that shows the changes of methylation of the whole genome during osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells can provide complementary information in this field. Zoledronic acid is an amino bisphosphonate and a strong inhibitor of bone resorption and at the same time an activator of osteoblasts in bone formation. This drug is used to prevent skeletal accidents in patients with advanced bone malignancies and also in the treatment of some bone disorders associated with increased bone turnover, such as Paget's disease and osteoporosis. The main mechanism of this drug is to inhibit osteoclasts and thus inhibit calcium reabsorption from bones, but at the same time, this drug increases the number and activity of osteoblasts by accelerating the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, whose molecular mechanism is still not well known. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, play an important role in the differentiation process.

Abstract Pharmacology is the study of the effect of drugs used in a disease and research on its effects on the human body. Research and development about new drugs for diseases, investigating the effect of these new drugs on animals and humans, ensuring the production of suitable and efficient drugs for diseases, reducing the side effects of different drugs on living organisms, investigating the chemical reactions of drugs in the body and examining molecules from a biological point of view is one of the other responsibilities of this field. Biochemistry, cell biology, physiology and molecular biology are disciplines that are closely related to pharmacology. Because of their extensive training, pharmacologists can provide good treatments for chemical, drug, and hormonal problems. The field of medical pharmacology is found in government hospitals and teaching and research hospitals or in various treatment clinics. To work as a medical pharmacologist, one must study 6 years in the field of basic medicine. After graduation, they will work in public hospitals and clinics or in pharmaceutical laboratories. At the same time, they can work as assistant professors in colleges.

Abstract In this method, after preparing the skin for micro needling, small incisions are made on the skin and collagen production in the skin layers is stimulated with minor damage. The specialist uses a pen-like device to perform this treatment. This device creates small scratches in the layers of the skin and heals the skin. The size of the needles of this device is so small that you probably won't notice the wounds after the work is done. Before starting work, the specialist uses an anesthetic on the skin. You have to wait about 30 minutes for complete anesthesia. This treatment takes from 10 to 30 minutes. Today, 2 types of micro needling devices are available. These devices have improved over the years. The head of this device has many needles that penetrate the layers of the skin by moving on the face. With the introduction of the micro needling needle, the skin gradually tightens and its pores are closed. The more severe the skin damage, the more sessions this device should be used. This device does not exfoliate and the thickness of the skin does not change. No synthetic materials are used in this method. It is only the needles of the machine that make the change.

Abstract In general, based on research conducted in the last few years, laser is considered as one of the invasive treatment methods and micro needling as a non-invasive treatment method. On the other hand, the necessary care after laser or peeling is annoying for many people, especially in the hot seasons. Because in this part of the year, due to the high level of ultraviolet rays, skin care conditions become more difficult. The same issue makes the recovery period in laser method longer than micro. In other words, if you have used fractional co2 laser to rejuvenate your skin, you should stay at home for 7-10 days to spend the recovery period, but you may be asked why the recovery period of skin rejuvenation using Is laser longer than micro needling? The difference in the duration of the recovery period depends on the effectiveness of these two treatment methods. In the laser, the surface layer of the epidermis of the skin is affected, which is actually the main responsibility of protecting the skin, but in micro needling, the inner layers of the skin are affected and considering that in this method of treatment, the blood flow is fast can be done, the speed of healing and restoration of the skin is also done faster.

Abstract Since extensive genetic studies have suggested limited causes as factors that predispose a person to Alzheimer's disease, the opinion of researchers was drawn to environmental and toxic factors as risk factors for the occurrence of the disease, among which the following can be mentioned. In a cross-sectional study in China on people aged 60 years and older who had never smoked, exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, and this risk for exposure at home, more exposure was reported than at work. Animal studies and limited human studies support air pollution as an important predisposing factor for Alzheimer's disease. Increased distribution of amyloid plaques and inflammation in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and frontal lobes in autopsy specimens obtained from adults living in Mexico City and Monterrey, known as two polluted areas, compared to those in smaller cities with lower environmental pollution. They were residents, it was observed. Similar findings were reported in the investigations conducted on the samples obtained from children and young people.

Abstract Citing the BBC news channel, the drug Aducanumab targets amyloid. A protein that creates abnormal masses in the brain of people with Alzheimer's that can damage cells and trigger dementia, and these complications include things like memory and thinking problems, difficulty in communicating and confusion. Lakemba received conditional FDA approval earlier this year based on how well it helps remove plaques from the brain that are thought to contribute to cognitive decline, according to Banyan News. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a full license for Lakemba (lecanemab). A drug designed to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease in the early stages. Lecanemab received conditional FDA approval in January based on study results showing it can help clear the brain of a substance called amyloid plaque, which is thought to play a role in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease. Now the FDA has granted full approval based on the findings of a new study that confirms lecanemab can stop cognitive problems in people with early Alzheimer's disease. This is the first time the FDA has approved a drug that targets the underlying disease process of Alzheimer's disease. Clinically proven benefits, Leqembi can help millions of patients with early Alzheimer's.

Abstract Compared to placebo, oral or intravenous morphine is effective in reducing pain intensity in the short term, and reported side effects include constipation, sedation, fatigue, dizziness, sweating, difficulty urinating, confusion, itching, and breathing problems. would be N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine and dextromethorphan have analgesic effects, but not memantine. Adverse events of ketamine were more significant than placebo and calcitonin and included decreased alertness, sedation, hallucinations, auditory and positional disturbance, and imbalance. The results related to the use of gabapentin (gabapentin) for pain relief were conflicting. However, gabapentin did not improve depression-level functioning or sleep quality. Compared to active control with benztropine mesylate, amitriptyline was not effective in PLP, and according to one study, dry mouth and dizziness were the most commonly reported adverse events. Regarding calcitonin and local anesthesia, the findings were different. Adverse events of calcitonin were headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and feeling hot and cold, and most studies were limited by their small sample size. Many researchers have studied physiological mechanisms in response to pain, anatomical pathways and neurotransmitters such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, hydroxy acids and cytokinins related to pain function. Pain control or pain relief is one of the important goals in the treatment of diseases and is of particular importance to doctors, even if it is not pathologically curable, medical professionals use five general groups to reduce pain. Sometimes they use different painkillers and traditional pain reduction methods. Therefore, examining the pathophysiology of pain and the drugs effective in its control and summarizing the information and using it optimally, when necessary, can be useful to some extent.

Abstract The present study investigated the evaluation of the root canal morphology of the mandibular bone using radiological images. One of the reasons for failure in root canal treatment is lack of knowledge about root canal morphology. The complexity in the anatomy of the root canal system is definitely one of the main limitations during endo treatment. One of the causes of failure in endodontic treatment is insufficient knowledge of dental anatomy, which causes errors in diagnosis and treatment process. Regarding the effect of ethnicity and race on the shape and number of root canals. During the last few decades, various clinical (In Vivo) and laboratory (In Vitro) studies have been carried out in the field of morphology, number of roots and canals of teeth and different results have been obtained. Posterior teeth are considered the most difficult teeth in endodontic treatment due to their very complex and varied morphology in the canal system. The internal anatomy of mandibular molar teeth has been studied in different ways, and the results of this research largely depend on the method used to examine the root anatomy. Ingle and Bakland believe that the reason for the difference in results depends on things like race, age, gender, tooth position and the type of (In Vitro) or (In Vivo) study. Shakeri et al reported the prevalence of midmesial canals to be 3%. Akbarzadeh et al. in the state of Ohio reported the prevalence of mid-mesial canal as 14.7%.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of radiolucent lesions in patients referred to the radiology department. Radiolucent are the most common lesions of the jaw bone and are periapical, per coronal and interradicular or without connection with teeth. The causes of radiolucent lesions are different and they should be distinguished from normal and anatomical structures of the jaw. Since most tumors and aggressive and malignant lesions of the jaw are radiolucent and the dentist may be the first person to discover them in radiography, it is very important to recognize these lesions and differentiate them from each other. These lesions were observed mostly in the second decade of life (11-20 years old) and mostly in men. The reason for using panoramic radiography in this study was to have a large area of maxillary bone in affected patients. The advent of digital imaging has created a revolution in radiography. Digital imaging eliminates the emergence and proof of chemicals and hazardous waste materials used in it. On the other hand, intraoral digital image receivers require less radiation than radiographic film. Therefore, they reduce the absorption dose of the patient. The possibility of proper image storage, changes in density and contrast, and sending images to other centers through the network are other advantages of digital imaging.

Abstract The present study is a systematic review on the results and complications of intrathecal morphine injection in posterior fusion surgery of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine. Considering that complications after surgery are common in these patients, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the complications after posterior fusion surgery with instruments in adult patients with scoliosis of unknown cause. Most studies administered morphine under direct administration at the end of the procedure and before wound closure. In the present study, we administered morphine in the operating room before surgery and demonstrated the possibility of prophylactic analgesia through ITM at a dose of 0.3 mg. In a double-blind trial investigating prophylactic analgesia with low-dose intra spinal morphine in multilevel posterior-lumbar inter body fusion surgery, Wang et al. showed that prophylactic analgesia with intra spinal morphine led to a significant improvement in postoperative pain control and a reduction in the use of intrathecal analgesia. The vein is under the control of the patient after the operation, without increasing side effects. Patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery may experience significant pain in the early postoperative period, and poor pain control after multilevel lumbar spine fusion surgery is often associated with multiple complications and delayed hospital discharge. Posterior spine surgery can result in severe postoperative pain due to the extensive soft tissue incision and muscle dissection required to obtain adequate exposure of the laminae, facet joints, and transverse processes.

Abstract Introduction: Esophageal cancer surgery presents significant postoperative challenges, including hemodynamic instability and anastomosis leaks, which adversely affect patient outcomes. The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) protocol has been developed to optimize perioperative care, aiming to enhance recovery, improve hemodynamic stability, and reduce complications. This study evaluates the effect of ERAS® on hemodynamic stability and the incidence of anastomosis leaks in patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery.

Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted from 2018 to 2023. Adult patients undergoing elective esophageal cancer surgery were divided into two groups: those managed under the ERAS® protocol (ERAS group) and those receiving standard care (Control group). The ERAS® protocol included preoperative counseling, carbohydrate loading, nutritional optimization, early mobilization, multimodal analgesia, and reduced opioid use. Primary outcomes were hemodynamic stability (mean arterial pressure, heart rate variability) and anastomosis leak rates. Results: The incidence of anastomotic leaks was significantly lower in the ERAS® group compared to the standard care group (7% vs. 15%, p=0.035). Patients in the ERAS® group also had a shorter time to detection and resolution of leaks, as well as fewer complications related to leaks. Postoperative hemodynamic stability was also better in the ERAS® group, with fewer patients requiring prolonged vasopressor support (10% vs. 22%, p=0.027). Conclusion: The ERAS® protocol significantly improves hemodynamic stability and reduces the incidence of anastomosis leaks in esophageal cancer surgery. These findings support the implementation of ERAS® protocols to enhance surgical outcomes and patient recovery. Further research is warranted to confirm these results in larger, multi-center trials and to explore additional benefits of ERAS® in diverse patient populations.

Abstract Introduction: Awake anesthesia in neurosurgery allows for real-time monitoring of brain function and patient responses, enhancing surgical precision and outcomes. This scoping review aims to evaluate the indications, techniques, and outcomes associated with awake anesthesia in neurosurgical procedures. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive scoping review was conducted, including studies from 2010 to 2023 that discussed awake anesthesia in neurosurgery. Data on indications, techniques, patient outcomes, and complications were extracted from peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and case reports. Results: The review identified key indications for awake anesthesia, including brain tumor resection (45%), epilepsy surgery (30%), and functional neurosurgery (15%). Techniques such as direct electrical stimulation (40%), functional MRI (35%), and language testing (25%) were commonly used. Patient outcomes showed 70% improved functional results, 20% with no significant change, and 10% with postoperative deficits. Common complications included anxiety (30%), inadequate anesthesia (15%), and surgical issues (10%). Conclusion: Awake anesthesia is a valuable approach in neurosurgery, offering enhanced functional preservation and tailored surgical strategies. Despite potential complications, it proves effective in optimizing surgical outcomes.

Abstract An innovative, uncomplicated, accurate, and precise reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been established for the determination of Vildagliptin in its bulk form and in pharmaceuticals. The separation was realized on a mobile phase of acetonitrile: ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (10: 90, v/v). The detection was achieved at 200 nm and the flow rate was 1.5 mL.min-1. Under the optimized conditions, short retention times (~3.5 min) were attained. Such a value permits for the rapid determination of multiple samples within a minimal timeframe, enhancing the efficiency of the analytical process. In such a way, the assay should be economical and can be used feasibly in routine pharmaceutical analysis. Furthermore, the limit of detection and limit of quantification values were 1.158 μg.mL-1 and 3.509 μg.mL-1 respectively, indicating a sensitive determination. Finally, the method has proven to be linear in the range of 40-160 μg.mL-1, demonstrating its reliability and robustness for consistent analytical performance.

Abstract Introduction: In this study, the percentage of infection in patients treated in the intensive care unit was investigated, relying on nursing and medical measures. Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Due to the wide range of services, they provide, intensive care units can be compared to a small hospital within a large hospital that provides life-saving care to patients with critical conditions.

Methodology: The present study investigated the issue by reviewing more than 70 articles with keywords including "ICU", "Nursing", "Medical Staff", "Health Care" and "Hospital Infection".

Discussion: According to the present study, the rate of nosocomial infections in the ICU department is acceptable. According to the surveys, urinary tract infection is the most common and pneumonia is the deadliest hospital infection. Although in some centers, nosocomial infection of the circulatory system is the main cause of death of patients.

Conclusion: More than 20% of infections occur in ICU departments and the mortality rate is 10-80%. According to international standards, the rate of hospital infections in developing countries is changing between 5 and 20 percent. Considering the findings of the research based on the limited and average performance and educational needs of the majority of nurses in controlling hospital infections, as well as the significant relationship between training courses and the performance quality of the majority of nurses, it is necessary for those in charge to provide the necessary conditions to increase awareness and improve performance. Any part of the body can get infected in the hospital, but among the types of hospital infections, urinary tract infection with 42%, lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia) with 11 to 20%, surgical wound infection with 24%, and circulatory system infection with 5 to 10 percent, they are of special importance.

Abstract Introduction: This systematic review investigates the effect of gelatin-curcumin nanocomposites on implant healing abutments. Gelatin, a biocompatible polymer, and curcumin, a bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, are combined to enhance tissue integration and reduce infections during the critical healing period following implant placement.

Material and methods: The review focuses exclusively on laboratory studies evaluating the biological and mechanical outcomes of these nanocomposites. Studies were selected based on their investigation of cell proliferation, antimicrobial activity, and the mechanical properties of gelatin-curcumin coatings on implant materials. Data were extracted and analyzed for trends in healing efficacy, bacterial inhibition, and coating stability.

Results: Results showed that gelatin-curcumin nanocomposites significantly promote osteoblast and fibroblast activity, leading to better tissue regeneration. They also demonstrated effective antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Additionally, the nanocomposites maintained mechanical stability without compromising the structural integrity of implants.

Conclusion: In conclusion, gelatin-curcumin nanocomposites exhibit potential for enhancing implant healing through improved tissue integration and infection prevention. However, further clinical trials and long-term studies are needed to validate these findings and assess their real-world application in dental implantology.

Abstract Propylthiouracil (PTU) and thionamides such as carbimazole and methimazole (MMT) (Tapazole) are the most common drugs in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Both of these drugs inhibit the conversion of T4 to T3 outside the thyroid gland, but their full effect only appears after a few weeks. The most common side effects of these drugs are agranulocytosis (the most serious complication) and thrombocytopenia. Symptoms of this condition include fever, pain and swelling and bleeding gums, sore throat, sores inside the mouth, persistent cough, and shortness of breath. It is a suitable medicine for pregnancy.

It is the most common treatment used in the elderly. The goal of treatment with radioactive iodine (Iodine 131) is to destroy overactive thyroid cells (symptoms subside after 3-4 weeks). The patient should be monitored for symptoms of thyroid storm. Using Inderal is very helpful in controlling these symptoms. It is forbidden to use radioactive iodine during pregnancy.